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An Essay on Laughter
An Essay on Laughter

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of An Essay on Laughter is here in full — 9 sentences across 2 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/1 · 9 lines
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THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.
Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348
Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357
Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364
Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371
Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The
comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of
satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of
philosophy • 390 Humour in other species of literature • 390
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Essay on Laughter

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of An Essay on Laughter is here in full — 9 sentences across 2 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/1 · 9 reading units · Lines 1–9

Line 1
THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.
/ðə ˈlæfəbəl ɪn ɑːrt ˈkɑːmədi/
Line 2
Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348
Line 3
Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357
Line 4
Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364
Line 5
Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371
Line 6
Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The
Line 7
comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of
Line 8
satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of
Line 9
philosophy • 390 Humour in other species of literature • 390

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

constructing verb US /kənˈstrʌktɪŋ/

-ing form of “construct” — make by combining materials and parts

From this reading “Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364”

ingredient noun US /ˌɪnˈɡriːdiənt/

a component of a mixture or compound

From this reading “satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of”

jocose adjective US /ˌdʒɔːˈkoʊz/

characterized by jokes and good humor

From this reading “Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348”

Lamb's noun US /læmz/

possessive form of “lamb” — young sheep

repetitions noun US /ˌrepəˈtɪʃənz/

plural of “repetition” — an event that repeats

From this reading “Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348”

restraints noun US /rɪˈstreɪnts/

plural of “restraint” — the act of controlling by restraining someone or something

From this reading “Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The”

Slackening noun US /ˈslækənɪŋ/

an occurrence of control or strength weakening

From this reading “Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The”

virulent adjective US /ˈvɪrələnt/

extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom

From this reading “comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Different degrees adjective + noun counted as “different degree”

In this reading “comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of”

social world adjective + noun

In this reading “Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371”

other species adjective + noun

In this reading “philosophy • 390 Humour in other species of literature • 390”

in literature preposition + noun

In this reading “comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of”

All words in this reading · 134

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

343

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

345

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

346

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

347

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

348

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

349

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

351

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

353

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

354

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

356

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

357

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

358

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

359

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

361

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

364

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

365

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

368

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

370

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

371

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

373

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

376

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

377

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

378

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

380

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

381

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

382

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

383

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

384

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of

385

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of

386

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of

387

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of

390

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading philosophy • 390 Humour in other species of literature • 390

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

abstractverbUS /æbˈstrækt/

consider a concept without thinking of a specific example; consider abstractly or theoretically

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

anti-social

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

ARTauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

aspectnounUS /ˈæspekt/

a distinct feature or element in a problem

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

BoundariesnounUS /ˈbaʊndəriz/

plural of “boundary” — the line or plane indicating the limit or extent of something

From this reading satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

CharacternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

character-drawing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

CharacteristicsnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks/

plural of “characteristic” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

charactersnounUS /ˈkærəktərz/

plural of “character” — an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

child'snounUS /tʃaɪldz/

possessive form of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

classicnounUS /ˈklæsɪk/

a creation of the highest excellence

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

COMEDYnounUS /ˈkɑːmədi/

light and humorous drama with a happy ending

From this reading THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.

comicadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmɪk/

arousing or provoking laughter

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

concreteadjectiveUS /kənˈkriːt/

capable of being perceived by the senses; not abstract or imaginary

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

constructingverbUS /kənˈstrʌktɪŋ/

-ing form of “construct” — make by combining materials and parts

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

ContrastnounUS /ˈkɑːntræst/

the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

dawnnounUS /dɔːn/

the first light of day

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

degreesnounUS /dɪˈɡriːz/

plural of “degree” — a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

dialoguenounUS /ˈdaɪəlɔːɡ/

a conversation between two persons

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

DifferentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

displaynounUS /dɪˈspleɪ/

something intended to communicate a particular impression

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

distinctadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋkt/

(often followed by “from”) not alike; different in nature or quality

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

duperynoun

something intended to deceive; deliberate trickery intended to gain an advantage

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

dénouement

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

ElementsnounUS /ˈeləmənts/

violent or severe weather (viewed as caused by the action of the four elements)

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

fictionnounUS /ˈfɪkʃən/

a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

HisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

humorousadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmərəs/

full of or characterized by humor

From this reading satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of

humournounUS /ˈhjuːmər/

a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling

From this reading satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of

impulsenounUS /ˈɪmpəls/

an instinctive motive

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.

incidentsnounUS /ˈɪnsədənts/

plural of “incident” — a single distinct event

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

ingredientnounUS /ˌɪnˈɡriːdiənt/

a component of a mixture or compound

From this reading satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of

intellectnounUS /ˈɪntəlekt/

knowledge and intellectual ability

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

jocoseadjectiveUS /ˌdʒɔːˈkoʊz/

characterized by jokes and good humor

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

JustificationnounUS /ˌdʒʌstəfəˈkeɪʃən/

something (such as a fact or circumstance) that shows an action to be reasonable or necessary

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

LambnounUS /læm/

young sheep

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

Lamb'snounUS /læmz/

possessive form of “lamb” — young sheep

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

LAUGHABLEadjectiveUS /ˈlæfəbəl/

so unreasonable as to invite derision

From this reading THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.

laughternounUS /ˈlæftər/

the sound of laughing

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

LimitationsnounUS /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “limitation” — a principle that limits the extent of something

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

MacaulaynounUS /məˈkɔːli/

English historian noted for his history of England (1800-1859)

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

materialadjectiveUS /məˈtɪriəl/

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

MethodnounUS /ˈmeθəd/

a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

mixedadjectiveUS /mɪkst/

consisting of a haphazard assortment of different kinds

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

ModenounUS /moʊd/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

Molière

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

Molière's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

moraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

movementsnounUS /ˈmuːvmənts/

plural of “movement” — a change of position that does not entail a change of location

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

OriginnounUS /ˈɔːrədʒən/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading philosophy • 390 Humour in other species of literature • 390

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

philosophynounUS /fɪˈlɑː.sə.fi/

The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. (Triết học, đạo lý nhân sinh.)

From this reading philosophy • 390 Humour in other species of literature • 390

playverbUS /pleɪ/

participate in games or sport

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

playsnounUS /pleɪz/

plural of “play” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

portrayernoun

a painter or drawer of portraits

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

presentationnounUS /ˌprezənˈteɪʃən/

the activity of formally presenting something (as a prize or reward)

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

prosenounUS /proʊz/

ordinary writing as distinguished from verse

From this reading satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of

reflectingadjectiveUS /rɪˈflektɪŋ/

causing reflection or having a device that reflects

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

relationnounUS /riˈleɪʃən/

an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of two entities or parts together

From this reading satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of

repetitionsnounUS /ˌrepəˈtɪʃənz/

plural of “repetition” — an event that repeats

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

representationnounUS /ˌreprəzenˈteɪʃən/

a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

RestorationnounUS /ˌrestərˈeɪʃən/

the reign of Charles II in England; 1660-1685

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

restraintsnounUS /rɪˈstreɪnts/

plural of “restraint” — the act of controlling by restraining someone or something

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

satirenounUS /ˈsætaɪər/

witty language used to convey insults or scorn

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

satiricaladjectiveUS /səˈtɪrəkəl/

exposing human folly to ridicule

From this reading satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of

ScopenounUS /skoʊp/

an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

seriousnessnounUS /ˈsɪriəsnəs/

an earnest and sincere feeling

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

SlackeningnounUS /ˈslækənɪŋ/

an occurrence of control or strength weakening

From this reading Justification of Lamb’s view of Restoration Comedy • 373 The social as distinct from the moral point of view • 373 Slackening of social restraints by comedy • 376 Limitations of field of comic presentation • 377 The

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

SourcenounUS /sɔːrs/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

speciesnounUS /ˈspiːʃiz/

(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

From this reading philosophy • 390 Humour in other species of literature • 390

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.

TheoriesnounUS /ˈθɪriz/

plural of “theory” — a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading satirical and humorous literature • 384 The relation of wit to humour • 385 Boundaries of satire and humorous literature • 386 Humour as ingredient of prose fiction • 387 The boundaries of humour of fiction and of

tonenounUS /toʊn/

the quality of a person's voice

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

TreatmentnounUS /ˈtriːtmənt/

care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

trickerynounUS /ˈtrɪkəri/

verbal misrepresentation intended to take advantage of you in some way

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

typenounUS /taɪp/

a subdivision of a particular kind of thing

From this reading Mode of representation of character in comedy • 358 Comic character as type • 359 Development of character-drawing in classic comedy • 359 Treatment of character in early English comedy • 361 Molière as comic portrayer • 364 His art of constructing character • 364

valuenounUS /ˈvæljuː/

a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

virulentadjectiveUS /ˈvɪrələnt/

extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom

From this reading comic point of view in fiction • 378 Laughter of mixed tone in literature: satire • 380 Different degrees of seriousness in satire • 381 Method of virulent satire • 382 Wit in satire • 383 Contrast of

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading Source of impulse of comic art • 343 Scope for laughter in art as a whole • 345 Origin of jocose literature • 346 The dawn of comedy • 346 Comic incidents as development of child’s play • 347 Comic value of repetitions • 348

witnounUS /wɪt/

a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

word-play

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Elements of trickery and dupery • 349 Comedy as reflecting movements of social laughter • 351 Comic dialogue as display of wit • 353 Theories of wit • 354 Wit as intellect at play • 354 Wit and word-play • 356 Character as comic material • 357

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading Contrast of the anti-social person and the social world • 365 The abstract and the concrete in Molière’s characters • 365 The comic dénouement in Molière’s plays • 368 Molière’s point of view • 368 Characteristics of Comedy of Restoration • 370 Lamb and Macaulay on moral aspect of comedy • 371

Chapter 7 of An Essay on Laughter by James Sully holds 9 sentences, grouped into 2 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of An Essay on Laughter contain?

Chapter 7 holds 9 sentences of An Essay on Laughter, unabridged, divided into 2 reading sections.

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Vocabulary met early in An Essay on Laughter

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Essay on Laughter, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Human
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Text-book
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Psychology
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