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An Essay on Laughter
An Essay on Laughter

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of An Essay on Laughter is here in full — 223 sentences across 45 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/44 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
INTRODUCTORY.
A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.
He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.
Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.
This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Essay on Laughter

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of An Essay on Laughter is here in full — 223 sentences across 45 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/44 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
INTRODUCTORY.
/ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri/
Line 2
A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.
/ə ˈraɪtər huː ˈʌndərteɪks tuː ˈdɪskɔːrs ɑːn ˈlæftər hæz tuː ɪnˈkaʊntər mɔːr ðæn wʌn vərˈaɪəti ʌv ˈɪrəteɪtɪŋ əbˈdʒekʃən/
Line 3
He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.
Line 4
Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.
Line 5
This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

distinguishing verb US /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃɪŋ/

-ing form of “distinguish” — mark as different

From this reading “He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.”

introductory adjective US /ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri/

serving to open or begin

From this reading “INTRODUCTORY.”

irritating adjective US /ˈɪrəteɪtɪŋ/

causing irritation or annoyance

From this reading “A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.”

learns verb US /lɜːrnz/

third-person singular of “learn” — gain knowledge or skills

From this reading “Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.”

oppose verb US /əˈpoʊz/

be against; express opposition to

From this reading “Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.”

seriousness noun US /ˈsɪriəsnəs/

an earnest and sincere feeling

From this reading “This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.”

shockingly adverb US /ˈʃɑːkɪŋli/

extremely

From this reading “This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.”

undertakes verb US /ˈʌndərteɪks/

third-person singular of “undertake” — enter upon an activity or enterprise

From this reading “A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

considerable part adjective + noun

In this reading “He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

animalnounUS /ˈænəməl/

a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

appearsverbUS /əˈpɪrz/

third-person singular of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

capacitynounUS /kəˈpæsəti/

capability to perform or produce

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

considerableadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərəbəl/

large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

describedadjectiveUS /dɪˈskraɪbd/

represented in words especially with sharpness and detail

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

discoursenounUS /ˈdɪskɔːrs/

extended verbal expression in speech or writing

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

dismaynounUS /dɪˈsmeɪ/

the feeling of despair in the face of obstacles

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

distinguishingverbUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃɪŋ/

-ing form of “distinguish” — mark as different

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

encounterverbUS /ɪnˈkaʊntər/

come together

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

exercisedverbUS /ˈeksərsaɪzd/

past form of “exercise” — put to use

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

findsnounUS /faɪndz/

plural of “find” — a productive insight

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

flatteringly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

INTRODUCTORYadjectiveUS /ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri/

serving to open or begin

From this reading INTRODUCTORY.

irritatingadjectiveUS /ˈɪrəteɪtɪŋ/

causing irritation or annoyance

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

jocositynoun

fun characterized by humor

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

laughingadjectiveUS /ˈlæfɪŋ/

showing or feeling mirth or pleasure or happiness

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

laughternounUS /ˈlæftər/

the sound of laughing

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

laughter-haters

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.

learnsverbUS /lɜːrnz/

third-person singular of “learn” — gain knowledge or skills

From this reading Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

NayexclamationUS /neɪ/

an old word for “no”

From this reading Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

objectionnounUS /əbˈdʒekʃən/

the act of expressing earnest opposition or protest

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

opposeverbUS /əˈpoʊz/

be against; express opposition to

From this reading Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.

oppositeadjectiveUS /ˈɑːpəzət/

being directly across from each other; facing

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

possessedadjectiveUS /pəˈzest/

influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

practicenounUS /ˈpræktəs/

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.

seriousnessnounUS /ˈsɪriəsnəs/

an earnest and sincere feeling

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

shockinglyadverbUS /ˈʃɑːkɪŋli/

extremely

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.

speciesnounUS /ˈspiːʃiz/

(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

tempernounUS /ˈtempər/

a sudden outburst of anger

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Nay, more, he soon learns that a good many oppose themselves to the practice and are laughter-haters.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

undertakesverbUS /ˈʌndərteɪks/

third-person singular of “undertake” — enter upon an activity or enterprise

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

varietynounUS /vərˈaɪəti/

a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading He finds to his dismay that a considerable part of his species, which has been flatteringly described as the laughing animal, has never exercised its high and distinguishing capacity.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

writernounUS /ˈraɪtər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading A writer who undertakes to discourse on laughter has to encounter more than one variety of irritating objection.

wrongadjectiveUS /rɔːŋ/

not correct; not in conformity with fact or truth

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

μισόγελως

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

ὁ

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This kind of person (ὁ μισόγελως) is so possessed with the spirit of seriousness that the opposite temper of jocosity appears to him to be something shockingly wrong.

Chapter 9 of An Essay on Laughter by James Sully holds 223 sentences, grouped into 45 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of An Essay on Laughter contain?

Chapter 9 holds 223 sentences of An Essay on Laughter, unabridged, divided into 45 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of An Essay on Laughter by James Sully exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 223 sentences, grouped into 45 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of An Essay on Laughter?

Work through the 45 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 45 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 9 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading An Essay on Laughter

Common questions about reading An Essay on Laughter by James Sully on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of An Essay on Laughter?

Yes. All 5500 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #58606 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of An Essay on Laughter is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #58606, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does An Essay on Laughter take to read?

About 458 minutes of reading across 1100 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read An Essay on Laughter section by section

How to work through An Essay on Laughter section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in An Essay on Laughter

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Essay on Laughter, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Human
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Text-book
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Psychology
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.