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An Essay on Laughter
An Essay on Laughter

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of An Essay on Laughter is here in full — 326 sentences across 66 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/65 · 5 lines
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OCCASIONS AND CAUSES OF LAUGHTER.
It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.
In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.
According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a funny sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.
Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Essay on Laughter

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of An Essay on Laughter is here in full — 326 sentences across 66 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/65 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
OCCASIONS AND CAUSES OF LAUGHTER.
/əˈkeɪʒənz ənd ˈkɑːzəz ʌv ˈlæftər/
Line 2
It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.
Line 3
In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.
Line 4
According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as afunnysensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.
Line 5
Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.
/jet wiː mʌst nɑːt əˈsuːm ðæt sʌtʃ æn ˌɪˈnɪʃəl ˌprezənˈteɪʃən əˈkɜːrz ɪn ɔːl ˈkeɪsəz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

assumption noun US /əˈsʌmpʃən/

a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn

From this reading “According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.”

comprehensive adjective US /ˌkɑːmpriˈhensɪv/

including all or everything

From this reading “In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.”

droll adjective US /droʊl/

comical in an odd or whimsical manner

From this reading “According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.”

initial noun US /ˌɪˈnɪʃəl/

the first letter of a word (especially a person's name)

From this reading “Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.”

modes noun US /moʊdz/

plural of “mode” — how something is done or how it happens

From this reading “In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.”

narrower adjective US /ˈneroʊər/

comparative of “narrow” — not wide

From this reading “In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.”

presentation noun US /ˌprezənˈteɪʃən/

the activity of formally presenting something (as a prize or reward)

From this reading “According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.”

provocative adjective US /proʊˈvɑːkətɪv/

serving or tending to provoke, excite, or stimulate; stimulating discussion or exciting controversy

From this reading “According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

comprehensive view adjective + noun

In this reading “In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.”

human figure adjective + noun

In this reading “According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.”

ordinary cases noun + noun counted as “ordinary case”

In this reading “According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.”

seemed desirable verb + adjective counted as “seem desirable”

In this reading “It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.”

process of verb + particle

In this reading “It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.”

OF LAUGHTER preposition + noun

In this reading “OCCASIONS AND CAUSES OF LAUGHTER.”

occurs in verb + particle counted as “occur in”

In this reading “Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.”

by way preposition + noun

In this reading “In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.”

All words in this reading · 84

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

AccordingadjectiveUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋ/

(followed by “to”) in agreement with or accordant with

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

actionnounUS /ˈækʃən/

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading OCCASIONS AND CAUSES OF LAUGHTER.

approachverbUS /əˈproʊtʃ/

move towards

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

assumeverbUS /əˈsuːm/

take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof

From this reading Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.

assumptionnounUS /əˈsʌmpʃən/

a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

casesnounUS /ˈkeɪsəz/

plural of “case” — an occurrence of something

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

CAUSESnounUS /ˈkɑːzəz/

plural of “cause” — events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading OCCASIONS AND CAUSES OF LAUGHTER.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

comprehensiveadjectiveUS /ˌkɑːmpriˈhensɪv/

including all or everything

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

consideringverbUS /kənˈsɪdərɪŋ/

-ing form of “consider” — deem to be

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

desirableadjectiveUS /dɪˈzaɪrəbəl/

worth having or seeking or achieving

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

drolladjectiveUS /droʊl/

comical in an odd or whimsical manner

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

examineverbUS /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/

consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

excitedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsaɪtəd/

(of persons) excessively affected by emotion

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

fancynounUS /ˈfænsi/

something many people believe that is false

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

figurenounUS /ˈfɪɡjər/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

funnyadjectiveUS /ˈfʌni/

arousing or provoking laughter

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

hintedverbUS /ˈhɪntəd/

past form of “hint” — drop a hint; intimate by a hint

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

ideanounUS /aɪˈdiːə/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

initialnounUS /ˌɪˈnɪʃəl/

the first letter of a word (especially a person's name)

From this reading Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.

inquirynounUS /ˌɪnˈkwaɪriː/

a search for knowledge

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

largeradjectiveUS /ˈlɑːrdʒər/

large or big relative to something else

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

LAUGHTERnounUS /ˈlæftər/

the sound of laughing

From this reading OCCASIONS AND CAUSES OF LAUGHTER.

ludicrousadjectiveUS /ˈluːdəkrəs/

broadly or extravagantly humorous; resembling farce

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

mirthfuladjective

full of or showing high-spirited merriment

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

modenounUS /moʊd/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

modesnounUS /moʊdz/

plural of “mode” — how something is done or how it happens

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

much-discussed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.

narroweradjectiveUS /ˈneroʊər/

comparative of “narrow” — not wide

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.

OCCASIONSnounUS /əˈkeɪʒənz/

something you have to do

From this reading OCCASIONS AND CAUSES OF LAUGHTER.

occursverbUS /əˈkɜːrz/

third-person singular of “occur” — come to pass

From this reading Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading OCCASIONS AND CAUSES OF LAUGHTER.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

ordinarynounUS /ˈɔːrdəneri/

a judge of a probate court

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

outburstnounUS /ˈaʊtbɜːrst/

an unrestrained expression of emotion

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

preciselyadverbUS /prɪˈsaɪsli/

indicating exactness or preciseness

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

presentationnounUS /ˌprezənˈteɪʃən/

the activity of formally presenting something (as a prize or reward)

From this reading Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.

problemnounUS /ˈprɑːbləm/

a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

processverbUS /ˈprɑːses/

subject to a process or treatment, with the aim of readying for some purpose, improving, or remedying a condition

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

productionnounUS /prəˈdʌkʃən/

the act or process of producing something

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

provocativeadjectiveUS /proʊˈvɑːkətɪv/

serving or tending to provoke, excite, or stimulate; stimulating discussion or exciting controversy

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

quaintadjectiveUS /kweɪnt/

strange in an interesting or pleasing way

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

representativenounUS /ˌreprəˈzentətɪv/

a person who represents others

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

sensationnounUS /senˈseɪʃən/

an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

sense-presentation

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

sightnounUS /saɪt/

an instance of visual perception

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading According to the common assumption, laughter, in ordinary cases, is excited by some provocative, to speak more precisely, by some sense-presentation, or its representative idea, such as a “funny” sensation, the sight of a droll human figure, or a quaint fancy.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

takingnounUS /ˈteɪkɪŋ/

the act of someone who picks up or takes something

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading It seemed desirable to examine the process of laughter itself before taking up the much-discussed question of its causes.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading In considering this side of our subject, we shall, as already hinted, take a comprehensive view of the occasions and modes of production of the mirthful outburst, and approach the narrower problem of the nature and mode of action of the ludicrous by way of this larger inquiry.

YetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Yet we must not assume that such an initial presentation occurs in all cases.

Chapter 11 of An Essay on Laughter by James Sully holds 326 sentences, grouped into 66 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of An Essay on Laughter contain?

Chapter 11 holds 326 sentences of An Essay on Laughter, unabridged, divided into 66 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of An Essay on Laughter by James Sully exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 326 sentences, grouped into 66 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 11 of An Essay on Laughter?

Work through the 66 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 66 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 11 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading An Essay on Laughter

Common questions about reading An Essay on Laughter by James Sully on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of An Essay on Laughter?

Yes. All 5500 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #58606 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of An Essay on Laughter is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #58606, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does An Essay on Laughter take to read?

About 458 minutes of reading across 1100 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read An Essay on Laughter section by section

How to work through An Essay on Laughter section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in An Essay on Laughter

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Essay on Laughter, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Human
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Text-book
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Psychology
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.