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An Essay on Laughter
An Essay on Laughter

Chapter XIII

Chapter 13 of An Essay on Laughter is here in full — 365 sentences across 73 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/73 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.
Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.
One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.
We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.
Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Essay on Laughter

Chapter XIII

Chapter 13 of An Essay on Laughter is here in full — 365 sentences across 73 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/73 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.
/ˈθɪriz ʌv ðə ˈluːdəkrəs/
Line 2
Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.
/ˈaʊər sərˈveɪ ʌv ˈlæfəbəl θɪŋz hæz led ʌs tuː ˈrekəɡnaɪz ˈsɜːrtən ɡruːps wɪtʃ əˈpɪr tuː ˌɪnˈduːs ðə ˈlæfɪŋ muːd iːtʃ prɪˈzentɪŋ ɪts ˈspeʃəl vərˈaɪəti ʌv ˈlæfəbəl ˈfiːtʃər/
Line 3
One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.
Line 4
We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.
Line 5
Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.
/hiːr fɔːr ðə ˈsekənd taɪm wiː mʌst tʌtʃ ɑːn ðə vjuːz prəˈpaʊndɪd baɪ əˈθɔːrətiz ɑːn ðə səbˈdʒekt ˈʌndər ðə neɪm ʌv ˈθɪriz ʌv ðə ˈluːdəkrəs/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

defect noun US /ˈdiːfekt/

an imperfection in a bodily system

From this reading “One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.”

exhibit verb US /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/

show an attribute, property, knowledge, or skill

From this reading “One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.”

incongruous adjective US /ˌɪŋˈkɔːŋruːəs/

lacking in harmony or compatibility or appropriateness

From this reading “One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.”

laughable adjective US /ˈlæfəbəl/

so unreasonable as to invite derision

From this reading “Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.”

ludicrous adjective US /ˈluːdəkrəs/

broadly or extravagantly humorous; resembling farce

From this reading “THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.”

propounded verb US /prəˈpaʊndɪd/

past form of “propound” — put forward, as of an idea

From this reading “Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.”

unifying adjective US /ˈjuːnəfaɪɪŋ/

combining into a single unit

From this reading “We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.”

varieties noun US /vərˈaɪətiz/

plural of “variety” — a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading “We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

second time noun + noun

In this reading “Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.”

on the subject preposition + article + noun counted as “on … subject”

In this reading “Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.”

for the second preposition + article + noun counted as “for … second”

In this reading “Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.”

name of verb + particle

In this reading “Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

advanceverbUS /ədˈvæns/

move forward, also in the metaphorical sense

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

appearverbUS /əˈpɪr/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

authoritiesnounUS /əˈθɔːrətiz/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

defectnounUS /ˈdiːfekt/

an imperfection in a bodily system

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

exhibitverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/

show an attribute, property, knowledge, or skill

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

explainingverbUS /ɪkˈspleɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “explain” — make plain and comprehensible

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

facie

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

featurenounUS /ˈfiːtʃər/

a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

forthadverbUS /fɔːrθ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

groupnounUS /ɡruːp/

any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

groupsnounUS /ɡruːps/

plural of “group” — any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

HereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

incongruousadjectiveUS /ˌɪŋˈkɔːŋruːəs/

lacking in harmony or compatibility or appropriateness

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

induceverbUS /ˌɪnˈduːs/

cause to arise

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

laughableadjectiveUS /ˈlæfəbəl/

so unreasonable as to invite derision

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

laughingadjectiveUS /ˈlæfɪŋ/

showing or feeling mirth or pleasure or happiness

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

lednounUS /led/

diode such that light emitted at a p-n junction is proportional to the bias current; color depends on the material used

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

LUDICROUSadjectiveUS /ˈluːdəkrəs/

broadly or extravagantly humorous; resembling farce

From this reading THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

mischances

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

misfitting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

moodnounUS /muːd/

a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

presentingverbUS /prɪˈzentɪŋ/

-ing form of “present” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

primâ

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

problemnounUS /ˈprɑːbləm/

a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

propoundedverbUS /prəˈpaʊndɪd/

past form of “propound” — put forward, as of an idea

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

recogniseverbUS /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/

show approval or appreciation of

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

specialadjectiveUS /ˈspeʃəl/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

surveynounUS /sərˈveɪ/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.

theoreticadjective

concerned primarily with theories or hypotheses rather than practical considerations

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

THEORIESnounUS /ˈθɪriz/

plural of “theory” — a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena

From this reading THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

touchverbUS /tʌtʃ/

make physical contact with, come in contact with

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

unifyingadjectiveUS /ˈjuːnəfaɪɪŋ/

combining into a single unit

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

varietiesnounUS /vərˈaɪətiz/

plural of “variety” — a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

varietynounUS /vərˈaɪəti/

a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

viewsnounUS /vjuːz/

plural of “view” — a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

Chapter 13 of An Essay on Laughter by James Sully holds 365 sentences, grouped into 73 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 13 of An Essay on Laughter contain?

Chapter 13 holds 365 sentences of An Essay on Laughter, unabridged, divided into 73 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 13 of An Essay on Laughter by James Sully exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 365 sentences, grouped into 73 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 13 of An Essay on Laughter?

Work through the 73 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 73 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 13 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 13 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading An Essay on Laughter

Common questions about reading An Essay on Laughter by James Sully on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of An Essay on Laughter?

Yes. All 5500 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #58606 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of An Essay on Laughter is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #58606, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does An Essay on Laughter take to read?

About 458 minutes of reading across 1100 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read An Essay on Laughter section by section

How to work through An Essay on Laughter section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in An Essay on Laughter

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Essay on Laughter, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Human
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Text-book
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Psychology
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.