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An Essay on Laughter
An Essay on Laughter

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of An Essay on Laughter is here in full — 291 sentences across 59 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/58 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE LAUGHTER OF SAVAGES.
In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.
We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.
We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.
At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Essay on Laughter

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of An Essay on Laughter is here in full — 291 sentences across 59 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/58 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE LAUGHTER OF SAVAGES.
/ðə ˈlæftər ʌv ˈsævədʒəz/
Line 2
In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.
/ɪn ðə læst ˈtʃæptər wiː tʊk ə ɡlæns æt ðə ˈprɪmətɪv fɔːrmz ʌv ˈhjuːmən ˈlæftər æz ˈɪləstreɪtəd ɪn ˈtʃɪldrən/
Line 3
We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.
Line 4
We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.
Line 5
At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.
/æt ðə seɪm taɪm wiː ʃæl ɪkˈspekt ðə ˈstʌdi ʌv ðə ˈlæftər ʌv ˈsævədʒəz tuː brɪŋ ʌs mɔːr dərˈektli ɪn tʌtʃ wɪð ðə ˈsoʊʃəl kənˈdɪʃənz wɪtʃ help tuː dəˈtɜːrmən ðə dərˈekʃənz ʌv mɜːrθ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

determine verb US /dəˈtɜːrmən/

establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study

From this reading “At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.”

disclose verb US /dɪˈskloʊz/

make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret

From this reading “We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.”

domains noun US /doʊˈmeɪnz/

plural of “domain” — a particular environment or walk of life

From this reading “We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.”

mirth noun US /mɜːrθ/

great merriment

From this reading “At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.”

primitive adjective US /ˈprɪmətɪv/

belonging to an early stage of technical development; characterized by simplicity and (often) crudeness

From this reading “In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.”

spontaneity noun US /ˌspɑːntəˈniːəti/

the quality of being spontaneous and coming from natural feelings without constraint

From this reading “We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.”

supplement noun US /ˈsʌpləmənt/

textual matter that is added onto a publication; usually at the end

From this reading “We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.”

tribes noun US /traɪbz/

plural of “tribe” — a social division of (usually preliterate) people

From this reading “We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

social conditions adjective + noun

In this reading “At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.”

savage tribes adjective + noun counted as “savage tribe”

In this reading “We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.”

same time adjective + noun

In this reading “At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.”

last chapter adjective + noun

In this reading “In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.”

glance at verb + particle

In this reading “In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.”

civilised man adjective + noun

In this reading “We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.”

touch with verb + particle

In this reading “At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.”

All words in this reading · 72

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

absencenounUS /ˈæbsəns/

the state of being absent

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

briefadjectiveUS /briːf/

of short duration or distance

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

bringverbUS /brɪŋ/

take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

chapternounUS /ˈtʃæptər/

a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

childhoodnounUS /ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/

the time of person's life when they are a child

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

civilisedadjective

having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

conditionsnounUS /kənˈdɪʃənz/

the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

determineverbUS /dəˈtɜːrmən/

establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

directverbUS /dərˈekt/

command with authority

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

directionsnounUS /dərˈekʃənz/

plural of “direction” — a line leading to a place or point

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

directlyadverbUS /dərˈektli/

without deviation

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

discloseverbUS /dɪˈskloʊz/

make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

domainsnounUS /doʊˈmeɪnz/

plural of “domain” — a particular environment or walk of life

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

expectverbUS /ɪkˈspekt/

regard something as probable or likely

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

featuresnounUS /ˈfiːtʃərz/

plural of “feature” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

glanceverbUS /ɡlæns/

throw a glance at; take a brief look at

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

helpverbUS /help/

give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

illustratedverbUS /ˈɪləstreɪtəd/

past form of “illustrate” — clarify by giving an example of

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

inquirynounUS /ˌɪnˈkwaɪriː/

a search for knowledge

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

LAUGHTERnounUS /ˈlæftər/

the sound of laughing

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF SAVAGES.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

merrimentnoun

a gay feeling

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

mirthnounUS /mɜːrθ/

great merriment

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

observationnounUS /ˌɑːbzərˈveɪʃən/

the act of making and recording a measurement

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF SAVAGES.

primitiveadjectiveUS /ˈprɪmətɪv/

belonging to an early stage of technical development; characterized by simplicity and (often) crudeness

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

racenounUS /reɪs/

any competition

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

reflectedadjectiveUS /rɪˈflektɪd/

(especially of incident sound or light) bent or sent back

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

reflectionnounUS /rɪˈflekʃən/

a calm, lengthy, intent consideration

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

savageadjectiveUS /ˈsævədʒ/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

SAVAGESnounUS /ˈsævədʒəz/

plural of “savage” — a member of an uncivilized people

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF SAVAGES.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

similaradjectiveUS /ˈsɪmələr/

marked by correspondence or resemblance

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

simplicitynounUS /sɪmˈplɪsəti/

the quality of being simple or uncompounded

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

spontaneitynounUS /ˌspɑːntəˈniːəti/

the quality of being spontaneous and coming from natural feelings without constraint

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

supplementnounUS /ˈsʌpləmənt/

textual matter that is added onto a publication; usually at the end

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF SAVAGES.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

touchverbUS /tʌtʃ/

make physical contact with, come in contact with

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

tribesnounUS /traɪbz/

plural of “tribe” — a social division of (usually preliterate) people

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading In the last chapter we took a glance at the primitive forms of human laughter as illustrated in children.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading We may now supplement this by a brief inquiry into the merriment of the childhood of the race, so far as this is reflected in the laughter of those savage tribes which have come under the direct observation of the civilised man.

whole-hearted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We shall expect the two domains to disclose similar features, spontaneity, absence of reflection, whole-hearted simplicity.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading At the same time we shall expect the study of the laughter of savages to bring us more directly in touch with the social conditions which help to determine the directions of mirth.

Chapter 16 of An Essay on Laughter by James Sully holds 291 sentences, grouped into 59 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 16 of An Essay on Laughter contain?

Chapter 16 holds 291 sentences of An Essay on Laughter, unabridged, divided into 59 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 16 of An Essay on Laughter by James Sully exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 291 sentences, grouped into 59 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 16 of An Essay on Laughter?

Work through the 59 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 59 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 16 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 16 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading An Essay on Laughter

Common questions about reading An Essay on Laughter by James Sully on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of An Essay on Laughter?

Yes. All 5500 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #58606 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of An Essay on Laughter is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #58606, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does An Essay on Laughter take to read?

About 458 minutes of reading across 1100 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read An Essay on Laughter section by section

How to work through An Essay on Laughter section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 20 chapters of An Essay on Laughter to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in An Essay on Laughter

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Essay on Laughter, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Human
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Text-book
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Psychology
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.