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An Essay on Laughter
An Essay on Laughter

Chapter XIX

Chapter 19 of An Essay on Laughter is here in full — 495 sentences across 99 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/99 · 5 lines
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THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.
We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.
It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.
At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.
We have found even in savage life the figure of the funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Essay on Laughter

Chapter XIX

Chapter 19 of An Essay on Laughter is here in full — 495 sentences across 99 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/99 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.
/ðə ˈlæfəbəl ɪn ɑːrt ˈkɑːmədi/
Line 2
We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.
/wiː hæv treɪst ðə dɪˈveləpmənt ʌv ˈlæftər ɪn ðə ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl ənd ɪn ðə kəˈmjuːnəti wɪð æz ˈlɪtəl ˈrefərəns æz ˈpɑːsəbəl tuː ðə ˈɪnfluːəns ʌv ɑːrt/
Line 3
It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.
/ɪt hæz bɪn əˈsuːmd ðæt ðə ˈfiːlɪŋz wɪtʃ muːv ʌs tuː ˈlæftər ɑːr ˈpraɪməl ənd ˈkeɪpəbəl ʌv ɪkˈspændɪŋ ənd ˈdiːpənɪŋ ˌɪndɪˈpendəntli ʌv ðɪs ˈɪnfluːəns/
Line 4
At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.
/æt ðə seɪm taɪm ɪt ɪz ˈsɜːrtən ðæt ðə ˌedʒɪˈkeɪtɪv led ʌv ðə ˈɑːrtəst hæz bɪn æt wɜːrk frʌm ə ˈveri ˈɜːrli steɪdʒ ʌv ˈhjuːmən dɪˈveləpmənt/
Line 5
We have found even in savage life the figure of thefunny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.
/wiː hæv faʊnd ˈiːvɪn ɪn ˈsævədʒ laɪf ðə ˈfɪɡjər ʌv ðə ˈfʌni mæn ðə ˈekspərt ɪn ˈlɪftɪŋ ðə sluːs ɡeɪts ʌv ˈsoʊʃəl ˈlæftər baɪ miːnz ʌv dʒest ənd ˈpæntəmaɪm/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

deepening noun US /ˈdiːpənɪŋ/

a process of becoming deeper and more profound

From this reading “It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.”

educative adjective US /ˌedʒɪˈkeɪtɪv/

resulting in education

From this reading “At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.”

expanding verb US /ɪkˈspændɪŋ/

-ing form of “expand” — extend in one or more directions

From this reading “It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.”

independently adverb US /ˌɪndɪˈpendəntli/

on your own; without outside help

From this reading “It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.”

laughable adjective US /ˈlæfəbəl/

so unreasonable as to invite derision

From this reading “THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.”

pantomime noun US /ˈpæntəmaɪm/

a performance using gestures and body movements without words

From this reading “We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.”

primal adjective US /ˈpraɪməl/

serving as an essential component

From this reading “It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.”

sluice verb US /sluːs/

pour as if from a sluice

From this reading “We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

same time adjective + noun

In this reading “At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.”

early stage adjective + noun

In this reading “At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.”

by means preposition + noun

In this reading “We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.”

of laughter preposition + noun

In this reading “We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

ARTauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.

artistnounUS /ˈɑːrtəst/

a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

assumedadjectiveUS /əˈsuːmd/

adopted in order to deceive

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

capableadjectiveUS /ˈkeɪpəbəl/

(usually followed by “of”) having capacity or ability

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

COMEDYnounUS /ˈkɑːmədi/

light and humorous drama with a happy ending

From this reading THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.

communitynounUS /kəˈmjuːnəti/

a group of people living in a particular local area

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

deepeningnounUS /ˈdiːpənɪŋ/

a process of becoming deeper and more profound

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

educativeadjectiveUS /ˌedʒɪˈkeɪtɪv/

resulting in education

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

expandingverbUS /ɪkˈspændɪŋ/

-ing form of “expand” — extend in one or more directions

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

expertadjectiveUS /ˈekspərt/

having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

feelingsnounUS /ˈfiːlɪŋz/

emotional or moral sensitivity (especially in relation to personal principles or dignity)

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

figurenounUS /ˈfɪɡjər/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

funnyadjectiveUS /ˈfʌni/

arousing or provoking laughter

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

gatesnounUS /ɡeɪts/

United States computer entrepreneur whose software company made him the youngest multi-billionaire in the history of the United States (born in 1955)

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.

independentlyadverbUS /ˌɪndɪˈpendəntli/

on your own; without outside help

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

individualadjectiveUS /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

jestnounUS /dʒest/

a humorous anecdote or remark intended to provoke laughter

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

LAUGHABLEadjectiveUS /ˈlæfəbəl/

so unreasonable as to invite derision

From this reading THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.

laughternounUS /ˈlæftər/

the sound of laughing

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

leadverbUS /led/

take somebody somewhere

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

liftingverbUS /ˈlɪftɪŋ/

-ing form of “lift” — raise from a lower to a higher position

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

moveverbUS /muːv/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

pantomimenounUS /ˈpæntəmaɪm/

a performance using gestures and body movements without words

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

possibleadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːsəbəl/

capable of happening or existing

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

primaladjectiveUS /ˈpraɪməl/

serving as an essential component

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

referencenounUS /ˈrefərəns/

a remark that calls attention to something or someone

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

savageadjectiveUS /ˈsævədʒ/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

sluiceverbUS /sluːs/

pour as if from a sluice

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading We have found even in savage life the figure of the “funny man,” the expert in lifting the sluice gates of social laughter by means of jest and pantomime.

stagenounUS /steɪdʒ/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE LAUGHABLE IN ART: COMEDY.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

tracedverbUS /treɪst/

past form of “trace” — follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It has been assumed that the feelings which move us to laughter are primal, and capable of expanding and deepening independently of this influence.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading We have traced the development of laughter in the individual and in the community with as little reference as possible to the influence of Art.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading At the same time, it is certain that the educative lead of the artist has been at work from a very early stage of human development.

Chapter 19 of An Essay on Laughter by James Sully holds 495 sentences, grouped into 99 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 19 of An Essay on Laughter contain?

Chapter 19 holds 495 sentences of An Essay on Laughter, unabridged, divided into 99 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 19 of An Essay on Laughter by James Sully exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 495 sentences, grouped into 99 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 19 of An Essay on Laughter?

Work through the 99 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 99 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 19 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 19 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading An Essay on Laughter

Common questions about reading An Essay on Laughter by James Sully on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of An Essay on Laughter?

Yes. All 5500 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #58606 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of An Essay on Laughter is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #58606, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does An Essay on Laughter take to read?

About 458 minutes of reading across 1100 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through An Essay on Laughter section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in An Essay on Laughter

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Essay on Laughter, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Human
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Text-book
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Psychology
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Essay on Laughter; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.