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An Introduction to Nature-Study
An Introduction to Nature-Study

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of An Introduction to Nature-Study is here in full — 480 sentences across 96 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for An Introduction to Nature-Study
Context Illustration Reading 1/96 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.
Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text.
Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.
Typographical errors have been silently corrected.
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Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Introduction to Nature-Study

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of An Introduction to Nature-Study is here in full — 480 sentences across 96 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/96 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.
/ˌʌndərˈskɔːrz bɪˈfɔːr ənd ˈæftər ə wɜːrd ɔːr freɪz ˈɪndəkeɪt aɪˈtælɪks ɪn ðə ərˈɪdʒənəl tekst/
Line 2
Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text.
/ˈiːkwəl saɪnz bɪˈfɔːr ənd ˈæftər ə wɜːrd ɔːr freɪz ˈɪndəkeɪt boʊld ɪn ðə ərˈɪdʒənəl tekst/
Line 3
Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
/smɔːl ˈkæpətəlz hæv bɪn kənˈvɜːrtɪd tuː ˈsɑːləd ˈkæpətəlz/
Line 4
Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.
/ˌɪləˈstreɪʃənz hæv bɪn muːvd soʊ ðeɪ duː nɑːt breɪk ʌp ˈpærəɡræfs/
Line 5
Typographical errors have been silently corrected.
/ˌtaɪpəˈɡræfɪkəl ˈerərz hæv bɪn ˈsaɪləntli kərˈektəd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

capitals noun US /ˈkæpətəlz/

plural of “capital” — assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading “Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.”

converted verb US /kənˈvɜːrtɪd/

past form of “convert” — change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy

From this reading “Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.”

errors noun US /ˈerərz/

plural of “error” — a wrong action attributable to bad judgment or ignorance or inattention

From this reading “Typographical errors have been silently corrected.”

indicate verb US /ˈɪndəkeɪt/

be a signal for or a symptom of

From this reading “Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.”

italics noun US /aɪˈtælɪks/

plural of “italic” — a style of handwriting with the letters slanting to the right

paragraphs noun US /ˈpærəɡræfs/

plural of “paragraph” — one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas; the beginning is usually marked by a new indented line

From this reading “Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.”

Typographical adjective US /ˌtaɪpəˈɡræfɪkəl/

relating to or occurring or used in typography

From this reading “Typographical errors have been silently corrected.”

Underscores noun US /ˌʌndərˈskɔːrz/

plural of “underscore” — a line drawn underneath (especially under written matter)

From this reading “Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

original text adjective + noun

In this reading “Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.”

Small capitals adjective + noun counted as “small capital”

a character having the form of an upper-case letter but the same height as lower-case letters

In this reading “Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.”

break up verb + adjective

to cause to separate and go in different directions

In this reading “Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.”

All words in this reading · 37

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

boldadjectiveUS /boʊld/

fearless and daring

From this reading Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text.

breakverbUS /breɪk/

terminate

From this reading Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.

capitalsnounUS /ˈkæpətəlz/

plural of “capital” — assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

convertedverbUS /kənˈvɜːrtɪd/

past form of “convert” — change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

correctedadjectiveUS /kərˈektəd/

having something undesirable neutralized

From this reading Typographical errors have been silently corrected.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.

EqualverbUS /ˈiːkwəl/

be identical or equivalent to

From this reading Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text.

errorsnounUS /ˈerərz/

plural of “error” — a wrong action attributable to bad judgment or ignorance or inattention

From this reading Typographical errors have been silently corrected.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

IllustrationsnounUS /ˌɪləˈstreɪʃənz/

plural of “illustration” — artwork that helps make something clear or attractive

From this reading Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

indicateverbUS /ˈɪndəkeɪt/

be a signal for or a symptom of

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

italicsnounUS /aɪˈtælɪks/

plural of “italic” — a style of handwriting with the letters slanting to the right

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

movedadjectiveUS /muːvd/

being excited or provoked to the expression of an emotion

From this reading Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

originaladjectiveUS /ərˈɪdʒənəl/

preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

paragraphsnounUS /ˈpærəɡræfs/

plural of “paragraph” — one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas; the beginning is usually marked by a new indented line

From this reading Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.

phrasenounUS /freɪz/

an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

signsnounUS /saɪnz/

plural of “sign” — a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)

From this reading Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text.

silentlyadverbUS /ˈsaɪləntli/

without speaking

From this reading Typographical errors have been silently corrected.

SmalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.

SOLIDadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːləd/

characterized by good substantial quality

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

textnounUS /tekst/

the words of something written

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

TypographicaladjectiveUS /ˌtaɪpəˈɡræfɪkəl/

relating to or occurring or used in typography

From this reading Typographical errors have been silently corrected.

UnderscoresnounUS /ˌʌndərˈskɔːrz/

plural of “underscore” — a line drawn underneath (especially under written matter)

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text.

Chapter 1 of An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse holds 480 sentences, grouped into 96 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of An Introduction to Nature-Study contain?

Chapter 1 holds 480 sentences of An Introduction to Nature-Study, unabridged, divided into 96 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 480 sentences, grouped into 96 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of An Introduction to Nature-Study?

Work through the 96 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 96 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading An Introduction to Nature-Study

Common questions about reading An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of An Introduction to Nature-Study?

Yes. All 6776 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #61273 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of An Introduction to Nature-Study is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #61273, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does An Introduction to Nature-Study take to read?

About 564 minutes of reading across 1356 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read An Introduction to Nature-Study section by section

How to work through An Introduction to Nature-Study section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 25 chapters of An Introduction to Nature-Study to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in An Introduction to Nature-Study

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Introduction to Nature-Study, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Underscores
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Phrase
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Indicate
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Italics
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.