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An Introduction to Nature-Study
An Introduction to Nature-Study

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of An Introduction to Nature-Study is here in full — 302 sentences across 61 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

By E. (Ernest) Stenhouse • Curated US English Learning Edition
Cover illustration for An Introduction to Nature-Study
Context Illustration Reading 1/60 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
7.
THE FORMS OF LEAVES.
1.
=The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.
Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.
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Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Introduction to Nature-Study

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of An Introduction to Nature-Study is here in full — 302 sentences across 61 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/60 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
7.
Line 2
THE FORMS OF LEAVES.
/ðə fɔːrmz ʌv liːvz/
Line 3
1.
Line 4
=The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.
Line 5
Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.
/leɪ iːtʃ ɪn tɜːrn flæt ɪn jɔːr ˈnoʊtbʊk ənd treɪs ðə ʃeɪp ʌv ðə liːf bleɪd baɪ ˈpæsɪŋ ðə pɔɪnt ʌv jɔːr ˈpensəl raʊnd ðə edʒ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

beech noun US /biːtʃ/

any of several large deciduous trees with rounded spreading crowns and smooth grey bark and small sweet edible triangular nuts enclosed in burs; north temperate regions

From this reading “=The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
birch noun US /bɜːrtʃ/

hard close-grained wood of any of various birch trees; used especially in furniture and interior finishes and plywood

From this reading “=The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
blackberry noun US /ˈblækberi/

large sweet black or very dark purple edible aggregate fruit of any of various bushes of the genus Rubus

From this reading “=The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
elm noun US /elm/

any of various trees of the genus Ulmus: important timber or shade trees

From this reading “=The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
holly noun US /ˈhɑːli/

any tree or shrub of the genus Ilex having red berries and shiny evergreen leaves with prickly edges

From this reading “=The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
lime noun US /laɪm/

a caustic substance produced by heating limestone

From this reading “=The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
notebook noun US /ˈnoʊtbʊk/

a book with blank pages for recording notes or memoranda

From this reading “Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
yew noun US /juː/

wood of a yew; especially the durable fine-grained light brown or red wood of the English yew valued for cabinetwork and archery bows

From this reading “=The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

large number adjective + noun

a large indefinite number

In this reading “=The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.”

4,310 times in 426,211 chapters
for example preposition + noun

as an example

In this reading “=The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.”

11,002 times in 426,211 chapters

All words in this reading · 49

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1.

Pending verification
7

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 7.

Pending verification
adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
ashnounUS /æʃ/

the residue that remains when something is burned

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
beechnounUS /biːtʃ/

any of several large deciduous trees with rounded spreading crowns and smooth grey bark and small sweet edible triangular nuts enclosed in burs; north temperate regions

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
birchnounUS /bɜːrtʃ/

hard close-grained wood of any of various birch trees; used especially in furniture and interior finishes and plywood

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
blackberrynounUS /ˈblækberi/

large sweet black or very dark purple edible aggregate fruit of any of various bushes of the genus Rubus

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
bladenounUS /bleɪd/

especially a leaf of grass or the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
chestnutadjectiveUS /ˈtʃesnʌt/

(of hair or feathers) of a golden brown to reddish brown color

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
collectionnounUS /kəˈlekʃən/

several things grouped together or considered as a whole

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
edgenounUS /edʒ/

the boundary of a surface

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
elmnounUS /elm/

any of various trees of the genus Ulmus: important timber or shade trees

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
examplenounUS /ɪɡˈzæmpəl/

an item of information that is typical of a class or group

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
flatadjectiveUS /flæt/

having a surface without slope, tilt in which no part is higher or lower than another

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
FORMSnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading THE FORMS OF LEAVES.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
grassverbUS /ɡræs/

shoot down, of birds

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
hollynounUS /ˈhɑːli/

any tree or shrub of the genus Ilex having red berries and shiny evergreen leaves with prickly edges

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
horsenounUS /hɔːrs/

solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
LayverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
leafnounUS /liːf/

the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
LEAVESnounUS /liːvz/

plural of “leaf” — the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading THE FORMS OF LEAVES.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
limenounUS /laɪm/

a caustic substance produced by heating limestone

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
MakeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
notebooknounUS /ˈnoʊtbʊk/

a book with blank pages for recording notes or memoranda

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
oaknounUS /oʊk/

the hard durable wood of any oak; used especially for furniture and flooring

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE FORMS OF LEAVES.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
passingnounUS /ˈpæsɪŋ/

(American football) a play that involves one player throwing the ball to a teammate

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
pencilnounUS /ˈpensəl/

a thin cylindrical pointed writing implement; a rod of marking substance encased in wood

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
pinenounUS /paɪn/

a coniferous tree

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
plantsnounUS /plænts/

plural of “plant” — buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
rosenounUS /roʊz/

any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
roundnounUS /raʊnd/

a charge of ammunition for a single shot

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
shapenounUS /ʃeɪp/

any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
shapesnounUS /ʃeɪps/

plural of “shape” — any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE FORMS OF LEAVES.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
tracenounUS /treɪs/

a just detectable amount

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
turnverbUS /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
woodsorrel

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

Pending verification
yewnounUS /juː/

wood of a yew; especially the durable fine-grained light brown or red wood of the English yew valued for cabinetwork and archery bows

From this reading =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, rose, holly, woodsorrel, grass.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Lay each in turn flat in your notebook and trace the shape of the leaf blade by passing the point of your pencil round the edge.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary

Chapter 3 of An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse holds 302 sentences, grouped into 61 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of An Introduction to Nature-Study contain?

Chapter 3 holds 302 sentences of An Introduction to Nature-Study, unabridged, divided into 61 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 302 sentences, grouped into 61 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of An Introduction to Nature-Study?

Work through the 61 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 61 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading An Introduction to Nature-Study

Common questions about reading An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of An Introduction to Nature-Study?

Yes. All 6776 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #61273 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of An Introduction to Nature-Study is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #61273, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does An Introduction to Nature-Study take to read?

About 564 minutes of reading across 1356 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through An Introduction to Nature-Study section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in An Introduction to Nature-Study

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Introduction to Nature-Study, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Underscores
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Phrase
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Indicate
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Italics
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.