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An Introduction to Nature-Study
An Introduction to Nature-Study

Chapter V

Chapter 5 of An Introduction to Nature-Study is here in full — 348 sentences across 70 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for An Introduction to Nature-Study
Context Illustration Reading 1/69 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
11.
THE DUTIES OF STEMS.
1.
=The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.
The former is square, the latter is five-ribbed.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Introduction to Nature-Study

Chapter V

Chapter 5 of An Introduction to Nature-Study is here in full — 348 sentences across 70 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/69 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
11.
Line 2
THE DUTIES OF STEMS.
/ðə ˈduːtiz ʌv stemz/
Line 3
1.
Line 4
=The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.
Line 5
The former is square, the latter is five-ribbed.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

duties noun US /ˈduːtiz/

plural of “duty” — the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force

From this reading “THE DUTIES OF STEMS.”

examine verb US /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/

consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning

From this reading “=The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.”

sections noun US /ˈsekʃənz/

plural of “section” — a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical)

From this reading “=The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.”

shape noun US /ʃeɪp/

any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading “=The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.”

shapes noun US /ʃeɪps/

plural of “shape” — any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading “=The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.”

stem noun US /stem/

(linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed

From this reading “=The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.”

stems noun US /stemz/

plural of “stem” — (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed

From this reading “THE DUTIES OF STEMS.”

wallflower noun US /ˈwɔːlflaʊər/

any of numerous plants of the genus Erysimum having fragrant yellow or orange or brownish flowers

From this reading “=The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Cut across verb + particle

travel across or pass over

In this reading “=The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.”

All words in this reading · 22

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1.

11

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 11.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading =The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.

acrossprepositionUS /əˈkrɔːs/

from one side of something to the other

From this reading =The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading =The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.

CutverbUS /kʌt/

separate with or as if with an instrument

From this reading =The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.

deadnettle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading =The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.

DUTIESnounUS /ˈduːtiz/

plural of “duty” — the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force

From this reading THE DUTIES OF STEMS.

examineverbUS /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/

consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning

From this reading =The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.

five-ribbed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The former is square, the latter is five-ribbed.

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading The former is square, the latter is five-ribbed.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The former is square, the latter is five-ribbed.

latteradjectiveUS /ˈlætər/

referring to the second of two things or persons mentioned (or the last one or ones of several)

From this reading The former is square, the latter is five-ribbed.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE DUTIES OF STEMS.

sectionsnounUS /ˈsekʃənz/

plural of “section” — a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical)

From this reading =The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.

shapenounUS /ʃeɪp/

any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading =The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.

shapesnounUS /ʃeɪps/

plural of “shape” — any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading =The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.

squareverbUS /skwer/

make square

From this reading The former is square, the latter is five-ribbed.

stemnounUS /stem/

(linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed

From this reading =The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.

STEMSnounUS /stemz/

plural of “stem” — (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed

From this reading THE DUTIES OF STEMS.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE DUTIES OF STEMS.

wallflowernounUS /ˈwɔːlflaʊər/

any of numerous plants of the genus Erysimum having fragrant yellow or orange or brownish flowers

From this reading =The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections.

Chapter 5 of An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse holds 348 sentences, grouped into 70 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 5 of An Introduction to Nature-Study contain?

Chapter 5 holds 348 sentences of An Introduction to Nature-Study, unabridged, divided into 70 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 5 of An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 348 sentences, grouped into 70 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 5 of An Introduction to Nature-Study?

Work through the 70 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 70 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 5 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 5 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading An Introduction to Nature-Study

Common questions about reading An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of An Introduction to Nature-Study?

Yes. All 6776 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #61273 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of An Introduction to Nature-Study is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #61273, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does An Introduction to Nature-Study take to read?

About 564 minutes of reading across 1356 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read An Introduction to Nature-Study section by section

How to work through An Introduction to Nature-Study section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 25 chapters of An Introduction to Nature-Study to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in An Introduction to Nature-Study

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Introduction to Nature-Study, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Underscores
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Phrase
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Indicate
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Italics
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.