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An Introduction to Nature-Study
An Introduction to Nature-Study

Chapter VI

Chapter 6 of An Introduction to Nature-Study is here in full — 502 sentences across 101 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

By E. (Ernest) Stenhouse • Curated US English Learning Edition
Cover illustration for An Introduction to Nature-Study
Context Illustration Reading 1/100 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
15.
A TYPICAL FLOWER.
=I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.
On the top of the flower-stalk (called the _receptacle_) are:
(_a_) Four small, narrow, purplish leaves, called _sepals_.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Introduction to Nature-Study

Chapter VI

Chapter 6 of An Introduction to Nature-Study is here in full — 502 sentences across 101 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/100 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
15.
Line 2
A TYPICAL FLOWER.
/ə ˈtɪpəkəl ˈflaʊər/
Line 3
=I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.
Line 4
On the top of the flower-stalk (called the _receptacle_) are:
Line 5
(_a_) Four small, narrow, purplish leaves, called _sepals_.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Fig noun US /fɪɡ/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading “=I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
growth noun US /ɡroʊθ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading “=I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
noticing verb US /ˈnoʊtɪsɪŋ/

-ing form of “notice” — discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of

From this reading “=I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
plant verb US /plænt/

put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground

From this reading “=I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
purplish adjective US /ˈpɜːrplɪʃ/

of a color intermediate between red and blue

From this reading “(_a_) Four small, narrow, purplish leaves, called _sepals_.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
receptacle noun US /rɪˈsep.tə.kəl/

An object or container used to hold or store something.

Velmora curated lexicon
typical adjective US /ˈtɪpəkəl/

exhibiting the qualities or characteristics that identify a group or kind or category

From this reading “A TYPICAL FLOWER.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
wallflower noun US /ˈwɔːlflaʊər/

any of numerous plants of the genus Erysimum having fragrant yellow or orange or brownish flowers

From this reading “=I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

On the top preposition + article + noun counted as “on … top”

In this reading “On the top of the flower-stalk (called the _receptacle_) are:”

15,940 times in 426,211 chapters
make out verb + adjective

detect with the senses

In this reading “=I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.”

18,066 times in 426,211 chapters

All words in this reading · 40

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

15

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 15.

Pending verification
57

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

Pending verification
AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A TYPICAL FLOWER.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading On the top of the flower-stalk (called the _receptacle_) are:

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading On the top of the flower-stalk (called the _receptacle_) are:

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
especiallyadverbUS /əˈspeʃli/

to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
FignounUS /fɪɡ/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
FLOWERnounUS /ˈflaʊər/

a plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms

From this reading A TYPICAL FLOWER.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
flower-stalk

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the top of the flower-stalk (called the _receptacle_) are:

Pending verification
flowersnounUS /ˈflaʊərz/

plural of “flower” — a plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
FournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading (_a_) Four small, narrow, purplish leaves, called _sepals_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
growthnounUS /ɡroʊθ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
habitnounUS /ˈhæbət/

an established custom

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
leavesnounUS /liːvz/

plural of “leaf” — the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
narrowverbUS /ˈneroʊ/

make or become more narrow or restricted

From this reading (_a_) Four small, narrow, purplish leaves, called _sepals_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
noticingverbUS /ˈnoʊtɪsɪŋ/

-ing form of “notice” — discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On the top of the flower-stalk (called the _receptacle_) are:

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
plantverbUS /plænt/

put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
purplishadjectiveUS /ˈpɜːrplɪʃ/

of a color intermediate between red and blue

From this reading (_a_) Four small, narrow, purplish leaves, called _sepals_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
receptaclenounUS /rɪˈsep.tə.kəl/

An object or container used to hold or store something.

From this reading On the top of the flower-stalk (called the _receptacle_) are:

Velmora curated lexicon
sepals

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading (_a_) Four small, narrow, purplish leaves, called _sepals_.

Pending verification
shapenounUS /ʃeɪp/

any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading (_a_) Four small, narrow, purplish leaves, called _sepals_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
topnounUS /tɑːp/

the upper part of anything

From this reading On the top of the flower-stalk (called the _receptacle_) are:

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
TYPICALadjectiveUS /ˈtɪpəkəl/

exhibiting the qualities or characteristics that identify a group or kind or category

From this reading A TYPICAL FLOWER.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
venationnoun

(botany) the arrangement of veins in a leaf

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
wallflowernounUS /ˈwɔːlflaʊər/

any of numerous plants of the genus Erysimum having fragrant yellow or orange or brownish flowers

From this reading =I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following parts in one of its flowers.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1

Chapter 6 of An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse holds 502 sentences, grouped into 101 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 6 of An Introduction to Nature-Study contain?

Chapter 6 holds 502 sentences of An Introduction to Nature-Study, unabridged, divided into 101 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 6 of An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 502 sentences, grouped into 101 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 6 of An Introduction to Nature-Study?

Work through the 101 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 101 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 6 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 6 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading An Introduction to Nature-Study

Common questions about reading An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of An Introduction to Nature-Study?

Yes. All 6776 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #61273 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of An Introduction to Nature-Study is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #61273, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does An Introduction to Nature-Study take to read?

About 564 minutes of reading across 1356 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read An Introduction to Nature-Study section by section

How to work through An Introduction to Nature-Study section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 25 chapters of An Introduction to Nature-Study to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in An Introduction to Nature-Study

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Introduction to Nature-Study, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Underscores
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Phrase
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Indicate
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Italics
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Introduction to Nature-Study; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.