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An Introduction to Nature-Study
An Introduction to Nature-Study

Chapter X

Chapter 10 of An Introduction to Nature-Study is here in full — 231 sentences across 47 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/46 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
38.
FERNS.
1.
=The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.
Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Introduction to Nature-Study

Chapter X

Chapter 10 of An Introduction to Nature-Study is here in full — 231 sentences across 47 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/46 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
38.
Line 2
FERNS.
/fɜːrnz/
Line 3
1.
Line 4
=The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.
Line 5
Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bases noun US /ˈbeɪsəz/

plural of “base” — installation from which a military force initiates operations

From this reading “Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.”

coiled adjective US /kɔɪld/

curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals)

From this reading “Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.”

compound noun US /ˈkɑːmpaʊnd/

a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts

From this reading “Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.”

expanded adjective US /ɪkˈspændəd/

increased in extent or size or bulk or scope

From this reading “Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.”

ferns noun US /fɜːrnz/

plural of “fern” — any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward; reproduce by spores

From this reading “FERNS.”

fronds noun US /frɑːndz/

plural of “frond” — compound leaf of a fern or palm or cycad

hairy adjective US /ˈheri/

having or covered with hair

From this reading “Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.”

stem noun US /stem/

(linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

dig up verb + adjective

find by digging in the ground

In this reading “=The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.”

springing from verb + particle counted as “spring from”

In this reading “Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.”

Make out verb + adjective

detect with the senses

In this reading “Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.”

All words in this reading · 51

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1.

146

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

38

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 38.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

basesnounUS /ˈbeɪsəz/

plural of “base” — installation from which a military force initiates operations

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

coiledadjectiveUS /kɔɪld/

curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals)

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

compoundnounUS /ˈkɑːmpaʊnd/

a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

creepingnounUS /ˈkriːpɪŋ/

a slow mode of locomotion on hands and knees or dragging the body

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

currentnounUS /ˈkɜːrənt/

a flow of electricity through a conductor

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

digverbUS /dɪɡ/

turn up, loosen, or remove earth

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

expandedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspændəd/

increased in extent or size or bulk or scope

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

FERNSnounUS /fɜːrnz/

plural of “fern” — any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward; reproduce by spores

From this reading FERNS.

FignounUS /fɪɡ/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

frondsnounUS /frɑːndz/

plural of “frond” — compound leaf of a fern or palm or cycad

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

growthnounUS /ɡroʊθ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

HabitnounUS /ˈhæbət/

an established custom

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

hairyadjectiveUS /ˈheri/

having or covered with hair

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

leaf-bases

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

leavesnounUS /liːvz/

plural of “leaf” — the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

MakeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

male-fern

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

mattedadjective

tangled in a dense mass

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

plantverbUS /plænt/

put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

rootsnounUS /ruːts/

the condition of belonging to a particular place or group by virtue of social or ethnic or cultural lineage

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

slenderadjectiveUS /ˈslendər/

being of delicate or slender build

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

soilnounUS /sɔɪl/

the state of being covered with unclean things

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

springingverbUS /ˈsprɪŋɪŋ/

-ing form of “spring” — move forward by leaps and bounds

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

stemnounUS /stem/

(linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

stumpyadjective

short and thick; as e.g. having short legs and heavy musculature

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

summernounUS /ˈsʌmər/

the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

washverbUS /wɑːʃ/

clean with some chemical process

From this reading =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _stem_, covered with the hairy bases of old leaves; the slender matted _roots_ springing from the leaf-bases; the large, compound _leaves_ or _fronds_ of the current year, and the coiled young leaves which have not yet expanded.

Chapter 10 of An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse holds 231 sentences, grouped into 47 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 10 of An Introduction to Nature-Study contain?

Chapter 10 holds 231 sentences of An Introduction to Nature-Study, unabridged, divided into 47 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 10 of An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 231 sentences, grouped into 47 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

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Work through the 47 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 47 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 10 can be played aloud in United States English.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #61273, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in An Introduction to Nature-Study

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Introduction to Nature-Study, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Underscores
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Phrase
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Italics
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