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An Introduction to Nature-Study
An Introduction to Nature-Study

Chapter XII · that a fern prothallus at length produces an embryo, which

Chapter XII of An Introduction to Nature-Study, “that a fern prothallus at length produces an embryo, which,” is here in full — 155 sentences across 31 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/31 · 5 lines
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grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a fern”.
The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalkthe whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.
In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.
About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.
Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.
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An Introduction to Nature-Study

Chapter XII · that a fern prothallus at length produces an embryo, which

Chapter XII of An Introduction to Nature-Study, “that a fern prothallus at length produces an embryo, which,” is here in full — 155 sentences across 31 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/31 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by afern”.
Line 2
The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalkthe whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.
Line 3
In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.
Line 4
About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.
Line 5
Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.
/ðen iːtʃ bɑːks ˈoʊpənz baɪ ɪts wɔːl ˈsplɪtɪŋ ˈɪntuː fɔːr ənd ðə spɔːrz ɑːr ˈlɪbɜːreɪtɪd tuː ˈdʒɜːrməneɪt ənd fɔːrm nuː ˈlɪvərwərts/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

germinate verb US /ˈdʒɜːrməneɪt/

produce buds, branches, or germinate

From this reading “Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.”

lengthen verb US /ˈleŋθən/

make longer

From this reading “About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.”

liberated adjective US /ˈlɪbɜːreɪtɪd/

(of a gas e.g.) released from chemical combination

From this reading “Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.”

liverwort noun US /ˈlɪvərwərt/

any of numerous small green nonvascular plants of the class Hepaticopsida growing in wet places and resembling green seaweeds or leafy mosses

From this reading “The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.”

liverworts noun US /ˈlɪvərwərts/

plural of “liverwort” — any of numerous small green nonvascular plants of the class Hepaticopsida growing in wet places and resembling green seaweeds or leafy mosses

From this reading “Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.”

protruding adjective US /proʊˈtruːdɪŋ/

extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary

From this reading “In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.”

splitting adjective US /ˈsplɪtɪŋ/

resembling a sound of violent tearing as of something ripped apart or lightning splitting a tree

From this reading “Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.”

spores noun US /spɔːrz/

plural of “spore” — a small usually single-celled asexual reproductive body produced by many nonflowering plants and fungi and some bacteria and protozoans and that are capable of developing into a new individual without sexual fusion

From this reading “Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

few days adjective + noun

In this reading “About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.”

upper surface adjective + noun

the side that is uppermost

In this reading “In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.”

consists merely verb + particle counted as “consist merely”

In this reading “The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.”

three inches noun + noun counted as “three inch”

In this reading “About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.”

early stages adjective + noun counted as “early stage”

In this reading “In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.”

in diameter preposition + noun

In this reading “In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.”

on the summit preposition + article + noun counted as “on … summit”

In this reading “The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.”

grows up verb + adjective counted as “grow up”

become an adult

In this reading “grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.”

All words in this reading · 101

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

AboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

ballsnounUS /bɔːlz/

plural of “ball” — round object that is hit or thrown or kicked in games

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

boxnounUS /bɑːks/

a (usually rectangular) container; may have a lid

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

colouradjectiveUS /ˈkʌlər/

having or capable of producing colors

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

consistsverbUS /kənˈsɪsts/

third-person singular of “consist” — originate

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

dark-greenadjective

of the color between blue and yellow in the color spectrum; similar to the color of fresh grass

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

diameternounUS /daɪˈæmətər/

the length of a straight line passing through the center of a circle and connecting two points on the circumference

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

FebruarynounUS /ˈfebjəweri/

the month following January and preceding March

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

fernnounUS /fɜːrn/

any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward; reproduce by spores

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

generationnounUS /ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən/

all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

germinateverbUS /ˈdʒɜːrməneɪt/

produce buds, branches, or germinate

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

givesnounUS /ɡɪvz/

plural of “give” — the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

growsverbUS /ɡroʊz/

third-person singular of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

heightnounUS /haɪt/

the vertical dimension of extension; distance from the base of something to the top

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

inchnounUS /ɪntʃ/

a unit of length equal to one twelfth of a foot

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

inchesnounUS /ˈɪntʃəz/

plural of “inch” — a unit of length equal to one twelfth of a foot

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

lengthenverbUS /ˈleŋθən/

make longer

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

liberatedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪbɜːreɪtɪd/

(of a gas e.g.) released from chemical combination

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

liftedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪftəd/

held up in the air

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

liverwortnounUS /ˈlɪvərwərt/

any of numerous small green nonvascular plants of the class Hepaticopsida growing in wet places and resembling green seaweeds or leafy mosses

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

liverwortsnounUS /ˈlɪvərwərts/

plural of “liverwort” — any of numerous small green nonvascular plants of the class Hepaticopsida growing in wet places and resembling green seaweeds or leafy mosses

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

lookingnounUS /ˈlʊkɪŋ/

the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

MarchverbUS /mɑːrtʃ/

march in a procession

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

merelyadverbUS /ˈmɪrli/

and nothing more

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

mouthnounUS /maʊθ/

the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

one-sixteenthnoun

one part in sixteen equal parts

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

opensnounUS /ˈoʊpənz/

plural of “open” — a clear or unobstructed space or expanse of land or water

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

perhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

pinverbUS /pɪn/

to hold fast or prevent from moving

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

plantverbUS /plænt/

put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

pocketnounUS /ˈpɑːkət/

a small pouch inside a garment for carrying small articles

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

protrudingadjectiveUS /proʊˈtruːdɪŋ/

extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

rapidlyadverbUS /ˈræpədli/

with speed

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

riseverbUS /raɪz/

move upward

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

roundnounUS /raʊnd/

a charge of ammunition for a single shot

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

somewhatadverbUS /ˈsʌmˈwʌt/

to a small degree or extent

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

splittingadjectiveUS /ˈsplɪtɪŋ/

resembling a sound of violent tearing as of something ripped apart or lightning splitting a tree

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

spore-bearingadjective

bearing spores instead of producing seeds

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

spore-box

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

spore-boxes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

sporesnounUS /spɔːrz/

plural of “spore” — a small usually single-celled asexual reproductive body produced by many nonflowering plants and fungi and some bacteria and protozoans and that are capable of developing into a new individual without sexual fusion

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

stagesnounUS /ˈsteɪdʒəz/

plural of “stage” — any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

stalkverbUS /stɔːk/

walk stiffly

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

stalksnounUS /stɔːks/

plural of “stalk” — material consisting of seed coverings and small pieces of stem or leaves that have been separated from the seeds

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

stoutadjectiveUS /staʊt/

dependable

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

summitnounUS /ˈsʌmət/

the highest level or degree attainable; the highest stage of development

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

ThenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading About May, their stalks lengthen so rapidly that in a few days the spore-boxes are lifted to a height of two or three inches.

understandverbUS /ˌʌndərˈstænd/

know and comprehend the nature or meaning of

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

upperadjectiveUS /ˈʌpər/

the topmost one of two

From this reading In February, or early March, the spore-boxes may be seen upon the upper surface of the plant as small balls, perhaps one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, protruding from the mouth of a little pocket in which their early stages are passed.

usuallyadverbUS /ˈjuːʒəwəli/

under normal conditions

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

wallnounUS /wɔːl/

an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading Then each box opens by its wall splitting into four, and the spores are liberated to germinate and form new liverworts.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading grows up and forms the spore-bearing generation which is what people usually understand by a “fern”.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summit of a white stalk—the whole looking somewhat like a stout pin.

Chapter 12 of An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse holds 155 sentences, grouped into 31 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

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Chapter 12 holds 155 sentences of An Introduction to Nature-Study, unabridged, divided into 31 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 12 of An Introduction to Nature-Study by E. (Ernest) Stenhouse exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 155 sentences, grouped into 31 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

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Vocabulary met early in An Introduction to Nature-Study

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