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An outline of humor
An outline of humor

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of An outline of humor is here in full — 565 sentences across 113 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.”
But he could not say the same of his own country.
Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.
Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.
Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An outline of humor

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of An outline of humor is here in full — 565 sentences across 113 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/113 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.”
Line 2
But he could not say the same of his own country.
/bʌt hiː kʊd nɑːt seɪ ðə seɪm ʌv hɪz oʊn ˈkʌntri/
Line 3
Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.
/ðoʊ ðer wɑːz ˈroʊmən ˈkɑːmədi ənd ˈroʊmən ˈsætaɪər ðə riːl ənd spɑːnˈteɪniəs ˈspɪrət ʌv fʌn wɑːz kənˈspɪkjuːəsli ˈlækɪŋ ɪn ðə teɪsts ənd ˈtendənsiz ʌv ðə ˈroʊmənz/
Line 4
Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.
/ˈɡlɔːri ɪz əˈtrɪbjətɪd tuː ɡriːs ənd ɡrænˈduːr tuː roʊm ənd ɪt meɪ biː ðə ˈsʌdən ˈɡlɔːri ʌv ˈhjuːmər wɑːz æn ˈɪntəɡrəl pɑːrt ʌv ðə ˈɡriːʃən ˈneɪtʃər/
Line 5
Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.
/jet wiː mʌst nɑːt ˌdɪfərˈenʃieɪt tuː ˈkerfəli bɪˈtwiːn ðə tuː fɔːr ðə ˈlɪtərətʃər ʌv ɡriːs ənd roʊm ɪz soʊ fjuːzd ənd ˌɪntərˈmɪŋɡəld ðæt ˈoʊnli ə hɪˈstɔːriən meɪ teɪk ʌp ðə ˌkrɑːnəˈlɑːdʒɪkəl ˌtæbjəˈleɪʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

chronological adjective US /ˌkrɑːnəˈlɑːdʒɪkəl/

relating to or arranged according to temporal order

From this reading “Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.”

comedian noun US /kəˈmiːdiən/

a professional performer who tells jokes and performs comical acts

From this reading “ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.””

conspicuously adverb US /kənˈspɪkjuːəsli/

in a manner tending to attract attention

From this reading “Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.”

differentiate verb US /ˌdɪfərˈenʃieɪt/

mark as different

From this reading “Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.”

fused adjective US /fjuːzd/

joined together into a whole

From this reading “Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.”

integral adjective US /ˈɪntəɡrəl/

existing as an essential constituent or characteristic

From this reading “Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.”

intermingled verb US /ˌɪntərˈmɪŋɡəld/

past form of “intermingle” — combine into one

From this reading “Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.”

tabulation noun US /ˌtæbjəˈleɪʃən/

information set out in tabular form

From this reading “Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

between the two preposition + article + noun counted as “between … two”

In this reading “Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.”

own country verb + noun

In this reading “But he could not say the same of his own country.”

take up verb + adjective

pursue or resume

In this reading “Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.”

All words in this reading · 70

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.”

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.”

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

attributedverbUS /əˈtrɪbjətɪd/

past form of “attribute” — attribute or credit to

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But he could not say the same of his own country.

carefullyadverbUS /ˈkerfəli/

taking care or paying attention

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

chronologicaladjectiveUS /ˌkrɑːnəˈlɑːdʒɪkəl/

relating to or arranged according to temporal order

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

comediannounUS /kəˈmiːdiən/

a professional performer who tells jokes and performs comical acts

From this reading ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.”

ComedynounUS /ˈkɑːmədi/

light and humorous drama with a happy ending

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

conspicuouslyadverbUS /kənˈspɪkjuːəsli/

in a manner tending to attract attention

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading But he could not say the same of his own country.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading But he could not say the same of his own country.

differentiateverbUS /ˌdɪfərˈenʃieɪt/

mark as different

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

funnounUS /fʌn/

activities that are enjoyable or amusing

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

fusedadjectiveUS /fjuːzd/

joined together into a whole

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

GlorynounUS /ˈɡlɔːri/

a state of high honor

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

grandeurnounUS /ɡrænˈduːr/

the quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

GrecianadjectiveUS /ˈɡriːʃən/

of or relating to or characteristic of Greece or the Greeks or the Greek language

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

GreecenounUS /ɡriːs/

a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil

From this reading ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.”

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading But he could not say the same of his own country.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading But he could not say the same of his own country.

historiannounUS /hɪˈstɔːriən/

a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

humornounUS /ˈhjuːmər/

a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

integraladjectiveUS /ˈɪntəɡrəl/

existing as an essential constituent or characteristic

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

intermingledverbUS /ˌɪntərˈmɪŋɡəld/

past form of “intermingle” — combine into one

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.”

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

Juvenalnoun

Roman satirist who denounced the vice and folly of Roman society during the reign of the emperor Domitian (60-140)

From this reading ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.”

lackingadjectiveUS /ˈlækɪŋ/

inadequate in amount or degree

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading But he could not say the same of his own country.

observedadjectiveUS /əbˈzɜːrvd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.”

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading But he could not say the same of his own country.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading But he could not say the same of his own country.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

realadjectiveUS /riːl/

being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.”

RomansnounUS /ˈroʊmənz/

a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

ROMEnounUS /roʊm/

capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire

From this reading ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.”

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading But he could not say the same of his own country.

SatirenounUS /ˈsætaɪər/

witty language used to convey insults or scorn

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading But he could not say the same of his own country.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

spontaneousadjectiveUS /spɑːnˈteɪniəs/

happening or arising without apparent external cause

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

suddenadjectiveUS /ˈsʌdən/

happening without warning or in a short space of time

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

tabulationnounUS /ˌtæbjəˈleɪʃən/

information set out in tabular form

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

tastesnounUS /teɪsts/

plural of “taste” — the sensation that results when taste buds in the tongue and throat convey information about the chemical composition of a soluble stimulus

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

tendenciesnounUS /ˈtendənsiz/

plural of “tendency” — an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading ROME The Roman Juvenal observed, “All Greece is a comedian.”

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

ThoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Glory is attributed to Greece and grandeur to Rome, and it may be the “sudden glory” of humor was an integral part of the Grecian nature.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Though there was Roman Comedy and Roman Satire, the real and spontaneous spirit of fun was conspicuously lacking in the tastes and tendencies of the Romans.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

YetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Yet we must not differentiate too carefully between the two, for the literature of Greece and Rome is so fused and intermingled that only a historian may take up the chronological tabulation.

Chapter 4 of An outline of humor by Carolyn [Editor] Wells holds 565 sentences, grouped into 113 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of An outline of humor contain?

Chapter 4 holds 565 sentences of An outline of humor, unabridged, divided into 113 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of An outline of humor by Carolyn [Editor] Wells exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 565 sentences, grouped into 113 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of An outline of humor?

Work through the 113 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 113 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading An outline of humor

Common questions about reading An outline of humor by Carolyn [Editor] Wells on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of An outline of humor?

Yes. All 10062 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #68163 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of An outline of humor is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #68163, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does An outline of humor take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 2013 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in An outline of humor

Words and structures a reader meets early in An outline of humor, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Being
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An outline of humor; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Chronicle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An outline of humor; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Prehistoric
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An outline of humor; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Twentieth
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An outline of humor; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.