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Ancient Manners
Ancient Manners

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Ancient Manners is here in full — 807 sentences across 162 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.
That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.
Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.
Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.
As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Ancient Manners

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Ancient Manners is here in full — 807 sentences across 162 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/161 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.
Line 2
That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.
/ðæt ɪz ɪˈkwɪvələnt tuː ˈseɪɪŋ ðæt ʃiː wɑːz ˈnɪrli ˈfɔːrti ənd ðæt hɜːr ˈbjuːti hæd tʃeɪndʒd ɪts ˈkerɪktər ˈsevrəl taɪmz/
Line 3
Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.
Line 4
Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.
Line 5
As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.
/æz ʃiː hæd ˈtʃoʊzən ðə ˈfɑːðər wɪð ker ˈsevən ˈveri ˈbjuːtəfəl məˈlɑːtoʊ ɡɜːrlz hæd bɪn bɔːrn ʌv hɜːr sleɪv ənd ˈɔːlsoʊ θriː bɔɪz huːm ʃiː hæd kɪld bɪˈkɔːz meɪl sleɪvz ɡɪv ˈjuːsləs səˈspɪʃənz tuː ˈdʒeləs ˈlʌvərz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

acquire verb US /əˈkwaɪər/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading “Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.”

adult noun US /əˈdʌlt/

a fully developed person from maturity onward

From this reading “Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.”

adviser noun US /ædˈvaɪzər/

an expert who gives advice

From this reading “Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.”

beget verb US /bɪˈɡet/

make (offspring) by reproduction

From this reading “Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.”

domestics noun US /dəˈmestɪks/

plural of “domestic” — a servant who is paid to perform menial tasks around the household

From this reading “Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.”

economy noun US /ɪˈkɑːnəmi/

the system of production and distribution and consumption

From this reading “Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.”

equivalent noun US /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/

a person or thing equal to another in value or measure or force or effect or significance etc

From this reading “That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.”

mulatto noun US /məˈlɑːtoʊ/

an offspring of a black and a white parent

From this reading “As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

several times adjective + noun

In this reading “That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.”

twenty-five years adjective + noun

In this reading “I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.”

ten years noun + noun

In this reading “Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.”

nearly forty adverb + adjective

In this reading “That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.”

provided for verb + particle counted as “provide for”

In this reading “Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.”

in order preposition + noun

in a state of proper readiness or preparation or arrangement

In this reading “Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.”

supplies the place verb + article + noun counted as “supply … place”

In this reading “Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.”

high rate adjective + noun

In this reading “Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.”

All words in this reading · 129

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

acquireverbUS /əˈkwaɪər/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

adultnounUS /əˈdʌlt/

a fully developed person from maturity onward

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

advisernounUS /ædˈvaɪzər/

an expert who gives advice

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

ARRIVALnounUS /ərˈaɪvəl/

accomplishment of an objective

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

Bacchis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

beautifuladjectiveUS /ˈbjuːtəfəl/

delighting the senses or exciting intellectual or emotional admiration

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

beautynounUS /ˈbjuːti/

the qualities that give pleasure to the senses

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

bednounUS /bed/

a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

begetverbUS /bɪˈɡet/

make (offspring) by reproduction

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

boysnounUS /bɔɪz/

plural of “boy” — a youthful male person

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

buyingnounUS /ˈbaɪɪŋ/

the act of buying

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

carenounUS /ker/

the work of providing treatment for or attending to someone or something

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

changedadjectiveUS /tʃeɪndʒd/

made or become different in nature or form

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

childnounUS /tʃaɪld/

a young person of either sex

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

chosennounUS /ˈtʃoʊzən/

one who is the object of choice; who is given preference

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

conductverbUS /ˈkɑːndəkt/

direct the course of; manage or control

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

consideredadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərd/

carefully weighed

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

contentnounUS /ˈkɑːntent/

(usually plural) everything that is included in a collection and that is held or included in something

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

courtesannoun

a woman who cohabits with an important man

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

courtesans

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

createverbUS /kriˈeɪt/

make or cause to be or to become

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

directress

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

domesticsnounUS /dəˈmestɪks/

plural of “domestic” — a servant who is paid to perform menial tasks around the household

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

economynounUS /ɪˈkɑːnəmi/

the system of production and distribution and consumption

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

enabledverbUS /eˈneɪbəld/

past form of “enable” — render capable or able for some task

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

equivalentnounUS /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/

a person or thing equal to another in value or measure or force or effect or significance etc

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

expensenounUS /ɪkˈspens/

amounts paid for goods and services that may be currently tax deductible (as opposed to capital expenditures)

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

fortunenounUS /ˈfɔːrtʃən/

an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

fortyadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrti/

being ten more than thirty

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

freelyadverbUS /ˈfriːli/

in a free manner

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

futureadjectiveUS /ˈfjuːtʃər/

yet to be or coming

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

girlsnounUS /ɡɜːrlz/

plural of “girl” — a young female

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

graduallyadverbUS /ˈɡrædʒuːəli/

in a gradual manner

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

herselfpronounUS /hərˈself/

used when the woman or girl doing the action is also its object

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

insteadadverbUS /ˌɪnˈsted/

in place of, or as an alternative to

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

jealousadjectiveUS /ˈdʒeləs/

showing extreme cupidity; painfully desirous of another's advantages

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

killedverbUS /kɪld/

past form of “kill” — cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

loversnounUS /ˈlʌvərz/

plural of “lover” — a person who loves someone or is loved by someone

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

magnificencenoun

splendid or imposing in size or appearance

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

makingnounUS /ˈmeɪkɪŋ/

the act that results in something coming to be

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

malenounUS /meɪl/

an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

marketnounUS /ˈmɑːrkət/

the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

mothernounUS /ˈmʌðər/

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

mulattonounUS /məˈlɑːtoʊ/

an offspring of a black and a white parent

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

nearlyadverbUS /ˈnɪrli/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

negress

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

numerousadjectiveUS /ˈnuːmərəs/

amounting to a large indefinite number

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

physicaladjectiveUS /ˈfɪzɪkəl/

involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

positionnounUS /pəˈzɪʃən/

the particular portion of space occupied by something

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

principlesnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəlz/

plural of “principle” — a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

providedverbUS /prəˈvaɪdɪd/

past form of “provide” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

ratenounUS /reɪt/

a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

richesnounUS /ˈrɪtʃəz/

an abundance of material possessions and resources

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

ruinedadjectiveUS /ˈruːənd/

destroyed physically or morally

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

sayingnounUS /ˈseɪɪŋ/

a word or phrase that particular people use in particular situations

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

sevennounUS /ˈsevən/

the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

singleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪŋɡəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

slavenounUS /sleɪv/

a person who is owned by someone

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

slavesnounUS /sleɪvz/

plural of “slave” — a person who is owned by someone

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

sourcenounUS /sɔːrs/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

spendverbUS /spend/

use up a period of time in a specific way

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

splendournoun

a quality that outshines the usual

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

staffnounUS /stæf/

personnel who assist their superior in carrying out an assigned task

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

suppliesnounUS /səˈplaɪz/

plural of “supply” — an amount of something available for use

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

suspicionsnounUS /səˈspɪʃənz/

plural of “suspicion” — an impression that something might be the case

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

tennounUS /ten/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

ThusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

twenty-fiveadjectiveUS /ˈtwentifaɪv/

being five more than twenty

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

uselessadjectiveUS /ˈjuːsləs/

having no beneficial use or incapable of functioning usefully

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading That is equivalent to saying that she was nearly forty, and that her beauty had changed its character several times.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Her mother, who had long been the directress of the house and her general adviser, had given her principles of conduct and economy which had enabled her gradually to acquire a great fortune, which she was in a position to spend freely, at an age when the magnificence of the bed supplies the place of physical splendour.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading As she had chosen the father with care, seven very beautiful mulatto girls had been born of her slave, and also three boys whom she had killed, because male slaves give useless suspicions to jealous lovers.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading I THE ARRIVAL Bacchis had been a courtesan for more than twenty-five years.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading Thus it was that instead of buying adult slaves at the market at a high rate, an expense which so many others considered necessary, and which ruined the young courtesans, she had been content for ten years with a single negress, and had provided for the future by making her beget a child every year, in order to create for herself, for nothing, a numerous staff of domestics who should be a source of riches later on.

Chapter 4 of Ancient Manners by Pierre Louÿs holds 807 sentences, grouped into 162 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Ancient Manners contain?

Chapter 4 holds 807 sentences of Ancient Manners, unabridged, divided into 162 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Ancient Manners by Pierre Louÿs exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 807 sentences, grouped into 162 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Ancient Manners?

Work through the 162 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 162 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading Ancient Manners by Pierre Louÿs on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Ancient Manners?

Yes. All 4383 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #36378 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Ancient Manners is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #36378, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Ancient Manners take to read?

About 365 minutes of reading across 877 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Ancient Manners

Words and structures a reader meets early in Ancient Manners, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Translation
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ancient Manners; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ancient
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ancient Manners; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Manners
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ancient Manners; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Executed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ancient Manners; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.