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Antonina
Antonina

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of Antonina is here in full — 243 sentences across 49 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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THE CHURCH.
In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.
For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.
After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.
It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Antonina

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of Antonina is here in full — 243 sentences across 49 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/48 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE CHURCH.
/ðə tʃɜːrtʃ/
Line 2
In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.
Line 3
For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.
/fɔːr twelv ˈsentʃəriz ðɪs ˈbɪldɪŋ reɪzd baɪ ə mæn ˈɪnfəməs fɔːr hɪz ˈmɜːrdərz ənd hɪz ˈtɪrəniz stʊd əˈnɪndʒərd əˈmɪd ðə ʃɑːks wɪtʃ ˈdʊrɪŋ ðæt lɔːŋ ˈpɪriəd ˈdevəsteɪtɪd ðə rest ʌv ðə ˈsɪti/
Line 4
After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.
Line 5
It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.
/ɪt ɪz təˈwɔːrdz ðɪs ˈstrʌktʃər ʌv twelv ˈhʌndrəd jɪrz ˈdʊˈreɪʃən ɪˈrektəd baɪ hændz steɪnd wɪð blʌd ənd jet prəˈzɜːrvd æz ə stɑːr ʌv piːs ɪn ðə mɪdst ʌv ˈstɔːrmi ˈsentʃəriz ʌv wɔːr ðæt wiː wʊd dərˈekt ðə ˈriːdərz əˈtenʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Basilica noun US /bəˈsɪlɪkə/

an early Christian church designed like a Roman basilica; or a Roman Catholic church or cathedral accorded certain privileges

From this reading “In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.”

devastated verb US /ˈdevəsteɪtɪd/

past form of “devastate” — cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly

From this reading “For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.”

murders noun US /ˈmɜːrdərz/

plural of “murder” — unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being

From this reading “For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.”

Nero noun US /ˈnɪroʊ/

Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Roman Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68)

From this reading “In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.”

reader's noun US /ˈriːdərz/

possessive form of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading “It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.”

shocks noun US /ʃɑːks/

plural of “shock” — the feeling of distress and disbelief that you have when something bad happens accidentally

From this reading “For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.”

tyrannies noun US /ˈtɪrəniz/

plural of “tyranny” — a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

From this reading “For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.”

uninjured adjective US /əˈnɪndʒərd/

not injured physically or mentally

From this reading “For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.”

All words in this reading · 91

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

324

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

amidprepositionUS /əˈmɪd/

in the middle of; surrounded by

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

assignedadjectiveUS /əˈsaɪnd/

appointed to a post or duty

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

attentionnounUS /əˈtenʃən/

the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

basenounUS /beɪs/

installation from which a military force initiates operations

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

BasilicanounUS /bəˈsɪlɪkə/

an early Christian church designed like a Roman basilica; or a Roman Catholic church or cathedral accorded certain privileges

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

bloodnounUS /blʌd/

The red fluid that circulates in the heart and blood vessels.

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

buildingnounUS /ˈbɪldɪŋ/

a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

centuriesnounUS /ˈsentʃəriz/

plural of “century” — a period of 100 years

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

CHURCHnounUS /tʃɜːrtʃ/

one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading THE CHURCH.

CircusnounUS /ˈsɜːrkəs/

a travelling company of entertainers; including trained animals

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

citynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

ConstantinenounUS /ˈkɑːnstəntiːn/

Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337)

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

devastatedverbUS /ˈdevəsteɪtɪd/

past form of “devastate” — cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

directverbUS /dərˈekt/

command with authority

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

durationnounUS /ˈdʊˈreɪʃən/

the period of time during which something continues

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

erectedverbUS /ɪˈrektəd/

past form of “erect” — construct, build, or erect

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

foundationsnounUS /faʊnˈdeɪʃənz/

plural of “foundation” — the basis on which something is grounded

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

handsnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

IInoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

illustriousadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈlʌstriəs/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

infamousadjectiveUS /ˈɪnfəməs/

known widely and usually unfavorably

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

Julius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

localitynounUS /loʊˈkæləti/

a surrounding or nearby region

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

martyrdomnounUS /ˈmɑːrtərdəm/

death that is imposed because of the person's adherence of a religious faith or cause

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

midstnounUS /mɪdst/

the location of something surrounded by other things

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

modernadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdərn/

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

murdersnounUS /ˈmɜːrdərz/

plural of “murder” — unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

NeronounUS /ˈnɪroʊ/

Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Roman Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68)

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

peacenounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

PeternounUS /ˈpiːtər/

disciple of Jesus and leader of the Apostles; regarded by Catholics as the vicar of Christ on earth and first Pope

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

PopenounUS /poʊp/

the head of the Roman Catholic Church

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

preservedadjectiveUS /prəˈzɜːrvd/

prevented from decaying or spoiling and prepared for future use

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

raisedadjectiveUS /reɪzd/

located or moved above the surround or above the normal position

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

reader'snounUS /ˈriːdərz/

possessive form of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

removedadjectiveUS /riˈmuːvd/

separated in relationship by a given degree of descent

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

reverendnounUS /ˈrevərənd/

a member of the clergy and a spiritual leader of the Christian Church

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

ruinsnounUS /ˈruːənz/

plural of “ruin” — an irrecoverable state of devastation and destruction

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

rumournounUS /ˈruːmər/

gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

shocksnounUS /ʃɑːks/

plural of “shock” — the feeling of distress and disbelief that you have when something bad happens accidentally

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

stainedadjectiveUS /steɪnd/

marked or dyed or discolored with foreign matter

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

starnounUS /stɑːr/

(astronomy) a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

stormyadjectiveUS /ˈstɔːrmi/

(especially of weather) affected or characterized by storms or commotion

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

structurenounUS /ˈstrʌktʃər/

a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE CHURCH.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

totteringadjectiveUS /ˈtɑːtərɪŋ/

unsteady in gait as from infirmity or old age

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

twelvenounUS /twelv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

tyranniesnounUS /ˈtɪrəniz/

plural of “tyranny” — a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

uninjuredadjectiveUS /əˈnɪndʒərd/

not injured physically or mentally

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading After that time it was removed, tottering to its base from its own reverend and illustrious age, by Pope Julius II, to make way for the foundations of the modern church.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading For twelve centuries, this building, raised by a man infamous for his murders and his tyrannies, stood uninjured amid the shocks which during that long period devastated the rest of the city.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading In the year 324, on the locality assigned by rumour to the martyrdom of St. Peter, and over the ruins of the Circus of Nero, Constantine erected the church called the Basilica of St. Peter.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading It is towards this structure of twelve hundred years' duration, erected by hands stained with blood, and yet preserved as a star of peace in the midst of stormy centuries of war, that we would direct the reader's attention.

Chapter 3 of Antonina by Wilkie Collins holds 243 sentences, grouped into 49 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Antonina contain?

Chapter 3 holds 243 sentences of Antonina, unabridged, divided into 49 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Antonina by Wilkie Collins exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 243 sentences, grouped into 49 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Antonina?

Work through the 49 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 49 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Antonina

Common questions about reading Antonina by Wilkie Collins on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Antonina?

Yes. All 5625 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #3606 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Antonina is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #3606, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Antonina take to read?

About 468 minutes of reading across 1125 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Antonina section by section

How to work through Antonina section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 26 chapters of Antonina to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Antonina

Words and structures a reader meets early in Antonina, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Court
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Antonina; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Traveller
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Antonina; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Departs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Antonina; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ordinary
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Antonina; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.