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Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut
Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut is here in full — 378 sentences across 76 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut
Context Illustration Reading 1/75 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.
They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.
The Romans were a mingled fellowship.
Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.
By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut is here in full — 378 sentences across 76 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/75 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.
/ðə ˈroʊmənz ˈheɪsənd tuː ɡet tuː ðer ɑːrmz fɔːr ðeɪ wɜːr ˈpæsɪŋ ˈiːɡər tuː faɪt/
Line 2
They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.
/ðeɪ ərˈeɪd ənd emˈbætəld ðə hoʊst ˈsetɪŋ ðə ˈsɑːrdʒənts ɪn ræŋk ənd ˈkʌmpəniː ənd ˈfɔːrmɪŋ ðə ˈkɑːləmz ɪn duː ˈɔːrdər/
Line 3
The Romans were a mingled fellowship.
/ðə ˈroʊmənz wɜːr ə ˈmɪŋɡəld ˈfeloʊʃɪp/
Line 4
Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.
Line 5
By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

embattled adjective US /emˈbætəld/

(of a person) beset by difficulties or conflict

From this reading “They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.”

fealty noun US /ˈfiːəlti/

the loyalty that citizens owe to their country (or subjects to their sovereign)

From this reading “Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.”

fifties noun US /ˈfɪftiz/

the decade from 1950 to 1959

From this reading “By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.”

forties noun US /ˈfɔːrtiz/

the time of life between 40 and 50

From this reading “By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.”

Saracens noun US /ˈserəsənz/

plural of “saracen” — (historically) a member of the nomadic people of the Syrian and Arabian deserts at the time of the Roman Empire

From this reading “Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.”

sergeants noun US /ˈsɑːrdʒənts/

plural of “sergeant” — any of several noncommissioned officer ranks in the Army or Air Force or Marines ranking above a corporal

From this reading “They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.”

sixties noun US /ˈsɪkstiz/

the decade from 1960 to 1969

From this reading “By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.”

thirties noun US /ˈθɜːrtiz/

the time of life between 30 and 40

From this reading “By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.”

All words in this reading · 58

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The Romans were a mingled fellowship.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

apparelled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.

armsnounUS /ɑːrmz/

weapons considered collectively

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

arrayedadjectiveUS /ərˈeɪd/

in ceremonial attire and paraphernalia

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.

captainsnounUS /ˈkæptənz/

plural of “captain” — an officer holding a rank below a major but above a lieutenant

From this reading By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.

ChristianadjectiveUS /ˈkrɪstʃən/

relating to or characteristic of Christianity

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

columnsnounUS /ˈkɑːləmz/

plural of “column” — a line of units following one after another

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

companynounUS /ˈkʌmpəniː/

an institution created to conduct business

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

DiversadjectiveUS /ˈdaɪvərz/

many and different

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

dueadjectiveUS /duː/

owed and payable immediately or on demand

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

eageradjectiveUS /ˈiːɡər/

having or showing keen interest or intense desire or impatient expectancy

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

embattledadjectiveUS /emˈbætəld/

(of a person) beset by difficulties or conflict

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

emperornounUS /ˈempərər/

the male ruler of an empire

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

fealtynounUS /ˈfiːəlti/

the loyalty that citizens owe to their country (or subjects to their sovereign)

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

fellowshipnounUS /ˈfeloʊʃɪp/

an association of people who share common beliefs or activities

From this reading The Romans were a mingled fellowship.

fiftiesnounUS /ˈfɪftiz/

the decade from 1950 to 1959

From this reading By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.

fightverbUS /faɪt/

be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

folknounUS /foʊk/

people in general (often used in the plural)

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

formingverbUS /ˈfɔːrmɪŋ/

-ing form of “form” — create (as an entity)

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

fortiesnounUS /ˈfɔːrtiz/

the time of life between 40 and 50

From this reading By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.

getverbUS /ɡet/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

hastenedverbUS /ˈheɪsənd/

past form of “hasten” — act or move at high speed

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

hostnounUS /hoʊst/

a person who invites guests to a social event (such as a party in his or her own home) and who is responsible for them while they are there

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

hundredsnounUS /ˈhʌndrədz/

plural of “hundred” — ten 10s

From this reading By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

kingsnounUS /kɪŋz/

plural of “king” — a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

legionsnounUS /ˈliːdʒənz/

plural of “legion” — archaic terms for army

From this reading By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

mingledverbUS /ˈmɪŋɡəld/

past form of “mingle” — to bring or combine together or with something else

From this reading The Romans were a mingled fellowship.

mixedadjectiveUS /mɪkst/

consisting of a haphazard assortment of different kinds

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

outland

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

ownedadjectiveUS /oʊnd/

having an owner; often used in combination

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

passingnounUS /ˈpæsɪŋ/

(American football) a play that involves one player throwing the ball to a teammate

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

paynimnoun

a heathen; a person who is not a Christian (especially a Muslim)

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

ranknounUS /ræŋk/

a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

RomansnounUS /ˈroʊmənz/

a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

RomenounUS /roʊm/

capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

SaracensnounUS /ˈserəsənz/

plural of “saracen” — (historically) a member of the nomadic people of the Syrian and Arabian deserts at the time of the Roman Empire

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

sergeantsnounUS /ˈsɑːrdʒənts/

plural of “sergeant” — any of several noncommissioned officer ranks in the Army or Air Force or Marines ranking above a corporal

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

servicenounUS /ˈsɜːrvəs/

work done by one person or group that benefits another

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

settingnounUS /ˈsetɪŋ/

the context and environment in which something is set

From this reading They arrayed and embattled the host, setting the sergeants in rank and company, and forming the columns in due order.

sixtiesnounUS /ˈsɪkstiz/

the decade from 1960 to 1969

From this reading By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

thirtiesnounUS /ˈθɜːrtiz/

the time of life between 30 and 40

From this reading By thirties and forties, by fifties, by sixties, by hundreds and by legions, the captains apparelled the battle.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The Romans hastened to get to their arms, for they were passing eager to fight.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Divers outland kings, and many paynim and Saracens, were mixed with the Christian folk, for all these people owned fealty to Rome, and were in the service of the emperor.

Chapter 8 of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut by Wace holds 378 sentences, grouped into 76 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut contain?

Chapter 8 holds 378 sentences of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut, unabridged, divided into 76 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut by Wace exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 378 sentences, grouped into 76 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut?

Work through the 76 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 76 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut

Common questions about reading Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut by Wace on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut?

Yes. All 3214 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #10472 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #10472, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut take to read?

About 267 minutes of reading across 643 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut section by section

How to work through Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut

Words and structures a reader meets early in Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chronicle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Wasted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Descriptions
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fairest
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.