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Astronomy for Young Folks
Astronomy for Young Folks

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Astronomy for Young Folks is here in full — 457 sentences across 92 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/91 · 5 lines
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Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.
Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.
The greater the solar activity the more is the chromosphere charged with the vapors of the lower strata of the sun's atmosphere.
The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.
Helium is also found in great abundance in the solar chromosphere.
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Astronomy for Young Folks

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Astronomy for Young Folks is here in full — 457 sentences across 92 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/91 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.
Line 2
Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.
Line 3
The greater the solar activity the more is the chromosphere charged with the vapors of the lower strata of the sun's atmosphere.
Line 4
The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.
Line 5
Helium is also found in great abundance in the solar chromosphere.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

calcium noun US /ˈkælsiəm/

a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light; the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust; an important component of most plants and animals

From this reading “The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.”

gaseous adjective US /ˈɡæsiəs/

existing as or having characteristics of a gas

From this reading “Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.”

Helium noun US /ˈhiːliəm/

a very light colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses; the most difficult gas to liquefy; occurs in economically extractable amounts in certain natural gases (as those found in Texas and Kansas)

From this reading “Helium is also found in great abundance in the solar chromosphere.”

hydrogen noun US /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/

a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe

From this reading “The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.”

incandescent adjective US /ˌɪnkənˈdesənt/

emitting light as a result of being heated

From this reading “The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.”

reversing verb US /rɪˈvɜːrsɪŋ/

-ing form of “reverse” — change to the contrary

From this reading “Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.”

upheavals noun US /əpˈhiːvəlz/

plural of “upheaval” — a state of violent disturbance and disorder (as in politics or social conditions generally)

From this reading “Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.”

vapors noun US /ˈveɪpərz/

a state of depression

From this reading “Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

ten thousand noun + noun

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand

In this reading “Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.”

five thousand noun + noun

In this reading “Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.”

thousand miles noun + noun counted as “thousand mile”

In this reading “Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.”

great abundance adjective + noun

In this reading “Helium is also found in great abundance in the solar chromosphere.”

All words in this reading · 66

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

abundancenounUS /əˈbʌndəns/

the property of a more than adequate quantity or supply

From this reading Helium is also found in great abundance in the solar chromosphere.

activitynounUS /ækˈtɪvəti/

any specific behavior

From this reading The greater the solar activity the more is the chromosphere charged with the vapors of the lower strata of the sun's atmosphere.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Helium is also found in great abundance in the solar chromosphere.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

atmospherenounUS /ˈætməsfɪr/

a particular environment or surrounding influence

From this reading The greater the solar activity the more is the chromosphere charged with the vapors of the lower strata of the sun's atmosphere.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

calciumnounUS /ˈkælsiəm/

a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light; the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust; an important component of most plants and animals

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

characteristicnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪk/

a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

chargedadjectiveUS /tʃɑːrdʒd/

of a particle or body or system; having a net amount of positive or negative electric charge

From this reading The greater the solar activity the more is the chromosphere charged with the vapors of the lower strata of the sun's atmosphere.

chromospherenoun

a gaseous layer of the sun's atmosphere (extending from the photosphere to the corona) that is visible during a total eclipse of the sun

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

constantlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnstəntli/

without variation or change, in every case

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

continuallyadverbUS /kənˈtɪnjuːəli/

seemingly without interruption

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

depthnounUS /depθ/

the extent downward or backward or inward

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

disturbingadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɜːrbɪŋ/

causing distress or worry or anxiety

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

eclipseverbUS /ɪˈklɪps/

be greater in significance than

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

fivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

gaseousadjectiveUS /ˈɡæsiəs/

existing as or having characteristics of a gas

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

gasesnounUS /ˈɡæsəz/

plural of “gas” — the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Helium is also found in great abundance in the solar chromosphere.

greateradjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtər/

greater in size or importance or degree

From this reading The greater the solar activity the more is the chromosphere charged with the vapors of the lower strata of the sun's atmosphere.

HeliumnounUS /ˈhiːliəm/

a very light colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses; the most difficult gas to liquefy; occurs in economically extractable amounts in certain natural gases (as those found in Texas and Kansas)

From this reading Helium is also found in great abundance in the solar chromosphere.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

hydrogennounUS /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/

a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

incandescentadjectiveUS /ˌɪnkənˈdesənt/

emitting light as a result of being heated

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

JustadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

layernounUS /ˈleɪər/

single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

liesnounUS /laɪz/

plural of “lie” — a statement that deviates from or perverts the truth

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading The greater the solar activity the more is the chromosphere charged with the vapors of the lower strata of the sun's atmosphere.

ManyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

milesnounUS /maɪlz/

plural of “mile” — a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The greater the solar activity the more is the chromosphere charged with the vapors of the lower strata of the sun's atmosphere.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

noticeableadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊtəsəbəl/

capable or worthy of being noticed

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

pinknounUS /pɪŋk/

a light shade of red

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

reddishadjectiveUS /ˈredɪʃ/

of a color at the end of the color spectrum (next to orange); resembling the color of blood or cherries or tomatoes or rubies

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

reversingverbUS /rɪˈvɜːrsɪŋ/

-ing form of “reverse” — change to the contrary

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

solaradjectiveUS /ˈsoʊlər/

relating to or derived from the sun or utilizing the energies of the sun

From this reading The greater the solar activity the more is the chromosphere charged with the vapors of the lower strata of the sun's atmosphere.

stratanounUS /ˈstrætə/

plural of “stratum” — one of several parallel layers of material arranged one on top of another (such as a layer of tissue or cells in an organism or a layer of sedimentary rock)

From this reading The greater the solar activity the more is the chromosphere charged with the vapors of the lower strata of the sun's atmosphere.

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

sun'snounUS /sʌnz/

possessive form of “sun” — the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading The greater the solar activity the more is the chromosphere charged with the vapors of the lower strata of the sun's atmosphere.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

tennounUS /ten/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

thrownadjectiveUS /θroʊn/

caused to fall to the ground

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

tingenounUS /tɪndʒ/

a slight but appreciable amount

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

totalverbUS /ˈtoʊtəl/

add up in number or quantity

From this reading The gases that are most characteristic of the chromosphere, however, are the incandescent gases of hydrogen and calcium, which give it the pink or reddish tinge so noticeable during total solar eclipse.

upheavalsnounUS /əpˈhiːvəlz/

plural of “upheaval” — a state of violent disturbance and disorder (as in politics or social conditions generally)

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

vaporsnounUS /ˈveɪpərz/

a state of depression

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

vastadjectiveUS /væst/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading Many of the gaseous vapors of the reversing layer are found in the chromosphere, thrown there continually by the vast upheavals of gases that are constantly disturbing the surface of the sun.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Just above the reversing layer lies the _chromosphere_, which is between five thousand and ten thousand miles in depth.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The greater the solar activity the more is the chromosphere charged with the vapors of the lower strata of the sun's atmosphere.

Chapter 3 of Astronomy for Young Folks by Isabel Martin Lewis holds 457 sentences, grouped into 92 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Astronomy for Young Folks contain?

Chapter 3 holds 457 sentences of Astronomy for Young Folks, unabridged, divided into 92 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Astronomy for Young Folks by Isabel Martin Lewis exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 457 sentences, grouped into 92 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Astronomy for Young Folks?

Work through the 92 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 92 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Astronomy for Young Folks

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Is this the complete text of Astronomy for Young Folks?

Yes. All 2227 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #45112 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Astronomy for Young Folks is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #45112, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Astronomy for Young Folks take to read?

About 185 minutes of reading across 446 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Astronomy for Young Folks

Words and structures a reader meets early in Astronomy for Young Folks, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Isabel
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Astronomy for Young Folks; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Martin
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Astronomy for Young Folks; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lewis
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Astronomy for Young Folks; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Connected
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Astronomy for Young Folks; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.