Chapter V · Chapter 5

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Certainly this was the case in North America during the sixteen years immediately preceding that of 1763.

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac; according to Genesis, God promised to give Abraham's family (the Hebrews) the land of Canaan (the Promised Land); God tested Abraham by asking him to sacrifice his son

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading A year later France retired from the conflict and surrendered Canada, with all its dependencies, to the English.

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading Certainly this was the case in North America during the sixteen years immediately preceding that of 1763.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

(usually followed by “to”) naturally disposed toward

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

marked by strong resentment or cynicism

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

a nation in northern North America; the French were the first Europeans to settle in mainland Canada

From this reading A year later France retired from the conflict and surrendered Canada, with all its dependencies, to the English.

an occurrence of something

From this reading Certainly this was the case in North America during the sixteen years immediately preceding that of 1763.

definitely or positively (“sure” is sometimes used informally for “surely”)

From this reading Certainly this was the case in North America during the sixteen years immediately preceding that of 1763.

a series of things depending on each other as if linked together

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

growing close together but not in dense mats

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

plural of “community” — a group of people living in a particular local area

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

From this reading A year later France retired from the conflict and surrendered Canada, with all its dependencies, to the English.

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

determining or having the power to determine an outcome

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

an unsuccessful ending to a struggle or contest

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

plural of “dependency” — the state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else

From this reading A year later France retired from the conflict and surrendered Canada, with all its dependencies, to the English.

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

settled securely and unconditionally

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

having come or been brought to a conclusion

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

relatively long in duration; tediously protracted

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

the act of fighting; any contest or struggle

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

plural of “fort” — a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading A year later France retired from the conflict and surrendered Canada, with all its dependencies, to the English.

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

greater in size or importance or degree

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening

From this reading Certainly this was the case in North America during the sixteen years immediately preceding that of 1763.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

enclosed in the same envelope or package

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

moving to the inside of something

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading A year later France retired from the conflict and surrendered Canada, with all its dependencies, to the English.

plural of “lake” — a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Certainly this was the case in North America during the sixteen years immediately preceding that of 1763.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

plural of “plain” — extensive tract of level open land

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

existing or coming before

From this reading Certainly this was the case in North America during the sixteen years immediately preceding that of 1763.

no longer active in your work or profession

From this reading A year later France retired from the conflict and surrendered Canada, with all its dependencies, to the English.

plural of “settlement” — a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

being one more than fifteen

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

power to dominate or defeat

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

past form of “surrender” — give up or agree to forgo to the power or possession of another

From this reading A year later France retired from the conflict and surrendered Canada, with all its dependencies, to the English.

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Certainly this was the case in North America during the sixteen years immediately preceding that of 1763.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Certainly this was the case in North America during the sixteen years immediately preceding that of 1763.

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

careful and diligent in the use of resources

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

very small

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

a successful ending of a struggle or contest

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Certainly this was the case in North America during the sixteen years immediately preceding that of 1763.

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading These dependencies included a long chain of tiny forts, about some of which were clustered thrifty French settlements that extended entirely around the Great Lakes and south of them into the valley of the Ohio.

(politics) a state of disfavor

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.

in the company of; together with

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

possessive form of “wolfe” — United States writer who has written extensively on American culture (born in 1931)

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading The bitter fighting between England and France for the supremacy of the new world that began with the signal defeat of the English army under Braddock, in 1755, was ended four years later by Wolfe's decisive victory on the Plains of Abraham.

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading A year later France retired from the conflict and surrendered Canada, with all its dependencies, to the English.

a late time of life

From this reading THE WILDERNESS In a new country the changes effected during sixteen years are apt to be greater than those of a lifetime in long-established communities.