used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
adjoiningverbUS /əˈdʒɔɪnɪŋ/
-ing form of “adjoin” — lie adjacent to another or share a boundary
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
touching and pressing; in opposition to
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound
From this reading Beside him stood a pitcher of water, and near him lay an antique-looking book, bound in black vellum.
used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
antique-looking
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Beside him stood a pitcher of water, and near him lay an antique-looking book, bound in black vellum.
past form of “approach” — move towards
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
archnounUS /ɑːrtʃ/
a curved shape in the vertical plane that spans an opening
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
Auriol
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
awaking
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
earlier than; in front of
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/
at or to a lower level than something
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
next to; at the side of
From this reading Beside him stood a pitcher of water, and near him lay an antique-looking book, bound in black vellum.
being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light
From this reading Beside him stood a pitcher of water, and near him lay an antique-looking book, bound in black vellum.
a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)
From this reading Beside him stood a pitcher of water, and near him lay an antique-looking book, bound in black vellum.
confined by bonds
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
showing who or what does the action
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
assets available for use in the production of further assets
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
ceilingnounUS /ˈsiːlɪŋ/
the overhead upper surface of a covered space
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
cellnounUS /sel/
A small stone room in a prison where an inmate is locked behind iron bars.
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
chainedadjectiveUS /tʃeɪnd/
bound with chains
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
a natural or artificial enclosed space
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
circularadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrkjələr/
having the shape or form of a circle
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
confinedadjectiveUS /kənˈfaɪnd/
not invading healthy tissue
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
coved
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
cross-bones
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
death's-heads
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
the entrance (the space in a wall) through which you enter or leave a room or building; the space that a door can close
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
dungeonnounUS /ˈdʌndʒən/
the main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
a formation of aircraft in flight
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure)
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
intended to be given to, or used by, somebody
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
set up or found
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
showing where something starts, or who sent it
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
granitenounUS /ˈɡrænət/
plutonic igneous rock having visibly crystalline texture; generally composed of feldspar and mica and quartz
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
grotesquelyadverbUS /ɡroʊˈteskli/
in a grotesque manner
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/
the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
of comparatively great physical weight or density
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition
From this reading Beside him stood a pitcher of water, and near him lay an antique-looking book, bound in black vellum.
used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
a period of time assigned for work
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
put into a certain place or abstract location
From this reading Beside him stood a pitcher of water, and near him lay an antique-looking book, bound in black vellum.
past form of “lean” — to incline or bend from a vertical position
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
linksnounUS /lɪŋks/
a golf course that is built on sandy ground near a shore
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
masonrynounUS /ˈmeɪsənri/
structure built of stone or brick by a mason
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
massiveadjectiveUS /ˈmæsɪv/
imposing in size or bulk or solidity
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
medicaments
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
past form of “mention” — make reference to
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
the location of something surrounded by other things
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
near in time or place or relationship
From this reading Beside him stood a pitcher of water, and near him lay an antique-looking book, bound in black vellum.
not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
occasionedverbUS /əˈkeɪʒənd/
past form of “occasion” — give occasion to
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
touching and supported by a surface
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
ornamentedverbUS /ˈɔːrnəmentɪd/
past form of “ornament” — make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
PERPLEXITIES
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
pillarnounUS /ˈpɪlər/
a fundamental principle or practice
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
pitchernounUS /ˈpɪtʃər/
(baseball) the person who does the pitching
From this reading Beside him stood a pitcher of water, and near him lay an antique-looking book, bound in black vellum.
situated in a particular spot or position
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
having a point
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
ponderousadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːndərəs/
slow and laborious because of weight
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
potentadjectiveUS /ˈpoʊtənt/
having great influence
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
sound loudly and sonorously
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
advancing or becoming higher or greater in degree or value or status
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
a protective covering that covers or forms the top of a building
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
plural of “sens” — street names for marijuana
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
solidadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːləd/
characterized by good substantial quality
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
having a sharp inclination
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
a flight of stairs or a flight of steps
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
Maintained an upright posture.
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
supportingadjectiveUS /səˈpɔːrtɪŋ/
furnishing support and encouragement
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
surmountedadjectiveUS /sərˈmaʊntɪd/
having something on top
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
sustainedadjectiveUS /səˈsteɪnd/
maintained at length without interruption or weakening
From this reading The dungeon in which he was confined was circular in form, with a coved roof, sustained by the pillar before mentioned, and was approached by a steep flight of steps rising from a doorway, placed some six feet below the level of the chamber, and surmounted by a pointed arch.
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level
From this reading NEW PERPLEXITIES For several hours deep sleep, occasioned by some potent medicaments, had bound up the senses of Auriol.
vellumnoun
a heavy creamy-colored paper resembling parchment
From this reading Beside him stood a pitcher of water, and near him lay an antique-looking book, bound in black vellum.
an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
plural of “wall” — an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/
the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent
From this reading Beside him stood a pitcher of water, and near him lay an antique-looking book, bound in black vellum.
wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/
the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.
in the company of; together with
From this reading In the midst of this chamber, and supporting the ponderous roof, stood a massive granite pillar, the capital of which was grotesquely ornamented with death's-heads and cross-bones, and against this pillar leaned Auriol, with his left arm chained by heavy links of iron to a ring in the adjoining wall.
inside; before a period of time has passed
From this reading On awaking, he found himself within a cell, the walls, the floor, and the ceiling of which were of solid stone masonry.