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Automobiles
Automobiles

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Automobiles is here in full — 59 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.
As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.
This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.
Prior to Watt, steam engines were in operation, the valves of which were manually operated.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Automobiles

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Automobiles is here in full — 59 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.
/ˈɔːtəmoʊbiːl ˈhɪstəri ənd dɪˈveləpmənt ɪt ɪz ˈdʒenərəli bɪˈliːvd ðæt ˈɔːtəmoʊbiːlz ərˈɪdʒəneɪtəd wɪˈðɪn ðə ˈprezənt ˈsentʃəri ðɪs aɪˈdiːə ˈhævɪŋ ɡeɪnd ˈkɜːrənsi bɪˈkɔːz ənˈtɪl wɪˈðɪn ðə pæst ˈtwenti jɪrz noʊ ˈpræktəkəl məˈʃiːnz wɜːr pʊt ɑːn ðə ˈmɑːrkət/
Line 2
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.
Line 3
As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.
Line 4
This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.
Line 5
Prior to Watt, steam engines were in operation, the valves of which were manually operated.
/ˈpraɪər tuː wɑːt stiːm ˈendʒənz wɜːr ɪn ˌɑːpərˈeɪʃən ðə vælvz ʌv wɪtʃ wɜːr ˈmænjuːəli ˈɑːpəreɪtəd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

automobiles noun US /ˈɔːtəmoʊbiːlz/

plural of “automobile” — a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine

From this reading “AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.”

currency noun US /ˈkɜːrənsi/

the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used

From this reading “AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.”

manually adverb US /ˈmænjuːəli/

by hand

From this reading “Prior to Watt, steam engines were in operation, the valves of which were manually operated.”

originated verb US /ərˈɪdʒəneɪtəd/

past form of “originate” — come into existence; take on form or shape

From this reading “AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.”

propelling adjective US /prəˈpelɪŋ/

tending to or capable of propelling

From this reading “As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.”

speculated verb US /ˈspekjəleɪtɪd/

past form of “speculate” — to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds

From this reading “As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.”

valves noun US /vælvz/

plural of “valve” — a structure in a hollow organ (like the heart) with a flap to insure one-way flow of fluid through it

From this reading “Prior to Watt, steam engines were in operation, the valves of which were manually operated.”

Watt noun US /wɑːt/

a unit of power equal to 1 joule per second; the power dissipated by a current of 1 ampere flowing across a resistance of 1 ohm

From this reading “This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

steam engine verb + noun

external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder

In this reading “This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.”

twenty years noun + noun

In this reading “AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.”

some respects adjective + noun

In this reading “DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.”

motive power noun + noun

the power or ability to move

In this reading “As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.”

speculated on verb + particle counted as “speculate on”

In this reading “As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.”

present century verb + noun

In this reading “AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.”

put on verb + particle

put clothing on one's body

In this reading “AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.”

past twenty noun + noun

In this reading “AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.”

All words in this reading · 81

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1275

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

1780

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

AUTOMOBILEnounUS /ˈɔːtəmoʊbiːl/

a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

automobilesnounUS /ˈɔːtəmoʊbiːlz/

plural of “automobile” — a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

BaconnounUS /ˈbeɪkən/

back and sides of a hog salted and dried or smoked; usually sliced thin and fried

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.

believedverbUS /bɪˈliːvd/

past form of “believe” — accept as true; take to be true

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

constructedverbUS /kənˈstrʌktəd/

past form of “construct” — make by combining materials and parts

From this reading This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.

currencynounUS /ˈkɜːrənsi/

the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

DEVELOPMENTnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

enginenounUS /ˈendʒən/

motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work

From this reading This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.

enginesnounUS /ˈendʒənz/

plural of “engine” — motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work

From this reading Prior to Watt, steam engines were in operation, the valves of which were manually operated.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

gainedverbUS /ɡeɪnd/

past form of “gain” — obtain

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

HISTORYnounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

ideanounUS /aɪˈdiːə/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.

INDUSTRYnounUS /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.

inventedverbUS /ˌɪnˈventəd/

past form of “invent” — come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort

From this reading This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

machinesnounUS /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

manuallyadverbUS /ˈmænjuːəli/

by hand

From this reading Prior to Watt, steam engines were in operation, the valves of which were manually operated.

marketnounUS /ˈmɑːrkət/

the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

motivenounUS /ˈmoʊtɪv/

the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.

operatedverbUS /ˈɑːpəreɪtəd/

past form of “operate” — direct or control; projects, businesses, etc.

From this reading Prior to Watt, steam engines were in operation, the valves of which were manually operated.

operationnounUS /ˌɑːpərˈeɪʃən/

the state of being in effect or being operative

From this reading Prior to Watt, steam engines were in operation, the valves of which were manually operated.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

originatedverbUS /ərˈɪdʒəneɪtəd/

past form of “originate” — come into existence; take on form or shape

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

peculiaradjectiveUS /pəˈkjuːljər/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.

possibilitiesnounUS /ˌpɑːsəˈbɪlətiz/

plural of “possibility” — a future prospect or potential

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

practicaladjectiveUS /ˈpræktəkəl/

concerned with actual use or practice

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

PrioradjectiveUS /ˈpraɪər/

earlier in time

From this reading Prior to Watt, steam engines were in operation, the valves of which were manually operated.

propellingadjectiveUS /prəˈpelɪŋ/

tending to or capable of propelling

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

remarkableadjectiveUS /rɪˈmɑːrkəbəl/

unusual or striking

From this reading This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.

respectsnounUS /rɪˈspekts/

(often used with “pay”) a formal expression of esteem

From this reading DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.

Roger

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY.--The development of the industry has been a peculiar one, in some respects.

speculatedverbUS /ˈspekjəleɪtɪd/

past form of “speculate” — to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

steamverbUS /stiːm/

travel by means of steam power

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Prior to Watt, steam engines were in operation, the valves of which were manually operated.

twentynounUS /ˈtwenti/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

understoodadjectiveUS /ˌʌndərˈstʊd/

fully apprehended as to purport or meaning or explanation

From this reading This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

usingnounUS /ˈjuːzɪŋ/

an act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly)

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

valvesnounUS /vælvz/

plural of “valve” — a structure in a hollow organ (like the heart) with a flap to insure one-way flow of fluid through it

From this reading Prior to Watt, steam engines were in operation, the valves of which were manually operated.

wagonsnounUS /ˈwæɡənz/

plural of “wagon” — any of various kinds of wheeled vehicles drawn by an animal or a tractor

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.

WattnounUS /wɑːt/

a unit of power equal to 1 joule per second; the power dissipated by a current of 1 ampere flowing across a resistance of 1 ohm

From this reading This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading This is remarkable, when it is understood that the steam engine, as constructed by Watt, was not invented until about 1780.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Prior to Watt, steam engines were in operation, the valves of which were manually operated.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading As early as the year 1275, Roger Bacon speculated on the possibilities of using steam, or some other form of motive power on wagons, for propelling them.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading AUTOMOBILE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT It is generally believed that automobiles originated within the present century, this idea having gained currency because, until within the past twenty years, no practical machines were put on the market.

Chapter 2 of Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe holds 59 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Automobiles contain?

Chapter 2 holds 59 sentences of Automobiles, unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 59 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Automobiles?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Automobiles

Common questions about reading Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Automobiles?

Yes. All 1823 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #73790 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Automobiles is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #73790, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Automobiles take to read?

About 151 minutes of reading across 365 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Automobiles section by section

How to work through Automobiles section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 18 chapters of Automobiles to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Automobiles

Words and structures a reader meets early in Automobiles, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Zerbe
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Price
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Volume
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cents
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.