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Automobiles
Automobiles

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Automobiles is here in full — 67 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Automobiles
Context Illustration Reading 1/13 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.
From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.
THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.
In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.
It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Automobiles

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Automobiles is here in full — 67 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/13 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.
/ðə freɪm ənd ɪts ækˈsesəriz ˈʌndər ðɪs ˈtaɪtəl ʃʊd biː ˌɪnˈkluːdəd ðə freɪm ˈæksəlz sprɪŋz wiːlz ˈstɪrɪŋ ɡɪr ənd breɪks/
Line 2
From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.
/frʌm ðə bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ ɪt wɑːz ˈrekəɡnaɪzd ðæt ðə ˈdɪfərənt streɪnz ənd ˈstresəz set ʌp baɪ ðə ˈpæsɪŋ ʌv ðə wiːlz ˈoʊvər əˈniːvən ɡraʊnd ənd baɪ ðə ˈmoʊtər ənd ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˈmekənɪzəm mʌst biː ˈteɪkən ker ʌv bɪˈfɔːr ˈriːtʃɪŋ ðə ˈbɑːdi ʌv ðə ˈɔːtəmoʊbiːl wɪtʃ ˈʌðərwaɪz wʊd suːn ɡoʊ tuː ˈpiːsəz/
Line 3
THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.
Line 4
In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.
Line 5
It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

accessories noun US /ækˈsesəriz/

plural of “accessory” — clothing that is worn or carried, but not part of your main clothing

From this reading “THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.”

axles noun US /ˈæksəlz/

plural of “axle” — a shaft on which a wheel rotates

From this reading “THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.”

brakes noun US /breɪks/

a braking device consisting of a combination of interacting parts that work to slow a motor vehicle

From this reading “THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.”

illustrate verb US /ˈɪləstreɪt/

clarify by giving an example of

From this reading “In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.”

inequalities noun US /ˌɪnəˈkwɑːlɪtiz/

plural of “inequality” — lack of equality

From this reading “It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.”

stresses noun US /ˈstresəz/

plural of “stress” — the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch)

From this reading “From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.”

torsion noun US /ˈtɔːrʃən/

a tortuous and twisted shape or position

From this reading “In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.”

uneven adjective US /əˈniːvən/

not even or uniform as e.g. in shape or texture

From this reading “From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

uneven ground adjective + noun

In this reading “From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.”

taken care adjective + noun

In this reading “From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.”

before reaching preposition + noun

In this reading “From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.”

takes place verb + noun counted as “take place”

come to pass

In this reading “In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.”

prevent any verb + adjective

In this reading “THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.”

set up verb + adjective

set up or found

In this reading “From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.”

From the beginning preposition + article + noun counted as “from … beginning”

In this reading “From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.”

All words in this reading · 100

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

ACCESSORIESnounUS /ækˈsesəriz/

plural of “accessory” — clothing that is worn or carried, but not part of your main clothing

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

automobilenounUS /ˈɔːtəmoʊbiːl/

a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

axlesnounUS /ˈæksəlz/

plural of “axle” — a shaft on which a wheel rotates

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

BnounUS /biː/

aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

barsnounUS /bɑːrz/

gymnastic apparatus consisting of two parallel wooden rods supported on uprights

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

brakesnounUS /breɪks/

a braking device consisting of a combination of interacting parts that work to slow a motor vehicle

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

carenounUS /ker/

the work of providing treatment for or attending to someone or something

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

channelnounUS /ˈtʃænəl/

a path over which electrical signals can pass

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

designedadjectiveUS /dɪˈzaɪnd/

done or made or performed with purpose and intent

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

destructiveadjectiveUS /dɪˈstrʌktɪv/

causing destruction or much damage

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

drivingadjectiveUS /ˈdraɪvɪŋ/

having the power of driving or impelling

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

entireadjectiveUS /ɪnˈtaɪər/

constituting the full quantity or extent; complete

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

FignounUS /fɪɡ/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

FRAMEverbUS /freɪm/

enclose in or as if in a frame

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

FromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

gearnounUS /ɡɪr/

a toothed wheel that engages another toothed mechanism in order to change the speed or direction of transmitted motion

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

illustrateverbUS /ˈɪləstreɪt/

clarify by giving an example of

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

includedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkluːdəd/

enclosed in the same envelope or package

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

inequalitiesnounUS /ˌɪnəˈkwɑːlɪtiz/

plural of “inequality” — lack of equality

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

interposed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

ITSdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

lendverbUS /lend/

bestow a quality on

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

mechanismnounUS /ˈmekənɪzəm/

the atomic process that occurs during a chemical reaction

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

motornounUS /ˈmoʊtər/

machine that converts other forms of energy into mechanical energy and so imparts motion

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

otherwiseadverbUS /ˈʌðərwaɪz/

in other respects or ways

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

passingnounUS /ˈpæsɪŋ/

(American football) a play that involves one player throwing the ball to a teammate

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

piecesnounUS /ˈpiːsəz/

plural of “piece” — a separate part of a whole

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

preventverbUS /prɪˈvent/

keep from happening or arising; make impossible

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

reachingnounUS /ˈriːtʃɪŋ/

the act of physically reaching or thrusting out

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

recognizedadjectiveUS /ˈrekəɡnaɪzd/

generally approved or compelling recognition

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

rigidadjectiveUS /ˈrɪdʒəd/

incapable of or resistant to bending

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

roadnounUS /roʊd/

an open way (generally public) for travel or transportation

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

showsnounUS /ʃoʊz/

plural of “show” — the act of publicly exhibiting or entertaining

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

springsnounUS /sprɪŋz/

plural of “spring” — the season of growth

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

steeringnounUS /ˈstɪrɪŋ/

the act of guiding or showing the way

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

strainsnounUS /streɪnz/

plural of “strain” — (physics) deformation of a physical body under the action of applied forces

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

stressesnounUS /ˈstresəz/

plural of “stress” — the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch)

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

substructurenoun

the basic structure or features of a system or organization

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

takesnounUS /teɪks/

plural of “take” — the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

ThereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

thusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

titlenounUS /ˈtaɪtəl/

a heading that names a statute or legislative bill; may give a brief summary of the matters it deals with

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

topnounUS /tɑːp/

the upper part of anything

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

torsionnounUS /ˈtɔːrʃən/

a tortuous and twisted shape or position

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

twistverbUS /twɪst/

to move in a twisting or contorted motion, (especially when struggling)

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

UnderprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

understoodadjectiveUS /ˌʌndərˈstʊd/

fully apprehended as to purport or meaning or explanation

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

unevenadjectiveUS /əˈniːvən/

not even or uniform as e.g. in shape or texture

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading In Fig. 1, A shows a top view of a frame made up of channel bars and B shows a side view to illustrate how the torsion or twist takes place.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

wheelverbUS /wiːl/

change directions as if revolving on a pivot

From this reading THE FRAME.--Therefore, not only springs had to be interposed between the body and the wheel axles, but also a substructure for the body, called the frame, which must be rigid enough to prevent any destructive strains from reaching the body.

wheelsnounUS /wiːlz/

plural of “wheel” — a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines)

From this reading THE FRAME, AND ITS ACCESSORIES Under this title should be included the frame, axles, springs, wheels, steering gear and brakes.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading It will be understood that the frame thus made is not designed to lend itself to the entire inequalities of the road, as the springs are interposed for that purpose.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading From the beginning it was recognized that the different strains and stresses set up by the passing of the wheels over uneven ground and by the motor and driving mechanism, must be taken care of before reaching the body of the automobile, which otherwise would soon go to pieces.

Chapter 3 of Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe holds 67 sentences, grouped into 14 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Automobiles contain?

Chapter 3 holds 67 sentences of Automobiles, unabridged, divided into 14 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 67 sentences, grouped into 14 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Automobiles?

Work through the 14 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 14 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Automobiles

Common questions about reading Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Automobiles?

Yes. All 1823 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #73790 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Automobiles is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #73790, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Automobiles take to read?

About 151 minutes of reading across 365 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Automobiles section by section

How to work through Automobiles section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 18 chapters of Automobiles to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Automobiles

Words and structures a reader meets early in Automobiles, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Zerbe
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Price
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Volume
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cents
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.