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Automobiles
Automobiles

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Automobiles is here in full — 43 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/8 · 5 lines
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THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.
In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.
This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.
This change is made in the bevel gear drive hereafter explained.
As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
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/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Automobiles

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Automobiles is here in full — 43 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/8 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.
/ðə draɪv ðə tɜːrm juːzd tuː ˈdezəɡneɪt ðə trænˈsmɪʃən ʌv ˈpaʊər frʌm ðə ˈendʒən tuː ðə wiːlz ɪz kɔːld ðə draɪv/
Line 2
In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.
/ɪn ˈnɪrli ɔːl kɑːrz ðə ˈendʒən ʃæft rʌnz fɔːr ənd æft ənd ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli ɪz æt raɪt ˈæŋɡəlz tuː ðə ˈæksəlz/
Line 3
This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.
/ðɪs ʌv kɔːrs nəˈsesəteɪts sʌm sɔːrt ʌv ˈɡɪrɪŋ bɪˈtwiːn ðə ˈendʒən ʃæft ənd ˈæksəl/
Line 4
This change is made in the bevel gear drive hereafter explained.
/ðɪs tʃeɪndʒ ɪz meɪd ɪn ðə ˈbevəl ɡɪr draɪv hɪˈræftər ɪkˈspleɪnd/
Line 5
As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.
/æz ðə ˈendʒən ɪz ˈmaʊntəd ɑːn ðə freɪm ʌv ðə kɑːr wɪtʃ rests ɑːn sprɪŋz ənd ðə ˈæksəl ɪz bɪˈloʊ ðə sprɪŋz ɪt ɪz ˈɑːbviəs ðæt ðə draɪv mʌst biː trænˈsmɪtɪd bɪˈtwiːn tuː pɑːrts wɪtʃ hæv ə ˈrelətɪv ʌp ənd daʊn ˈmuːvmənt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

axle noun US /ˈæksəl/

a shaft on which a wheel rotates

From this reading “This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.”

axles noun US /ˈæksəlz/

plural of “axle” — a shaft on which a wheel rotates

From this reading “In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.”

bevel verb US /ˈbevəl/

cut a bevel on; shape to a bevel

From this reading “This change is made in the bevel gear drive hereafter explained.”

designate verb US /ˈdezəɡneɪt/

assign a name or title to

From this reading “THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.”

gearing noun US /ˈɡɪrɪŋ/

wheelwork consisting of a connected set of rotating gears by which force is transmitted or motion or torque is changed

From this reading “This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.”

necessitates verb US /nəˈsesəteɪts/

third-person singular of “necessitate” — require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading “This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.”

transmission noun US /trænˈsmɪʃən/

the act of sending a message; causing a message to be transmitted

From this reading “THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.”

transmitted adjective US /trænˈsmɪtɪd/

occurring among members of a family usually by heredity

From this reading “As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

some sort adjective + noun

In this reading “This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.”

between two preposition + noun

In this reading “As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.”

of course preposition + noun

as might be expected

In this reading “This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.”

two parts noun + noun

In this reading “As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.”

nearly all adverb + adjective

In this reading “In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.”

rests on verb + particle counted as “rest on”

rest on for support

In this reading “As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.”

frame of verb + particle

In this reading “As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.”

All words in this reading · 65

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

aftadverbUS /æft/

at or near or toward the stern of a ship or tail of an airplane

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

anglesnounUS /ˈæŋɡəlz/

plural of “angle” — the space between two lines or planes that intersect; the inclination of one line to another; measured in degrees or radians

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

axlenounUS /ˈæksəl/

a shaft on which a wheel rotates

From this reading This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.

axlesnounUS /ˈæksəlz/

plural of “axle” — a shaft on which a wheel rotates

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.

bevelverbUS /ˈbevəl/

cut a bevel on; shape to a bevel

From this reading This change is made in the bevel gear drive hereafter explained.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

carnounUS /kɑːr/

a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

carsnounUS /kɑːrz/

plural of “car” — a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

changeverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading This change is made in the bevel gear drive hereafter explained.

consequentlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.

designateverbUS /ˈdezəɡneɪt/

assign a name or title to

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

DRIVEverbUS /draɪv/

operate or control a vehicle

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

enginenounUS /ˈendʒən/

motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

explainedverbUS /ɪkˈspleɪnd/

past form of “explain” — make plain and comprehensible

From this reading This change is made in the bevel gear drive hereafter explained.

forenounUS /fɔːr/

front part of a vessel or aircraft

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

frameverbUS /freɪm/

enclose in or as if in a frame

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

gearnounUS /ɡɪr/

a toothed wheel that engages another toothed mechanism in order to change the speed or direction of transmitted motion

From this reading This change is made in the bevel gear drive hereafter explained.

gearingnounUS /ˈɡɪrɪŋ/

wheelwork consisting of a connected set of rotating gears by which force is transmitted or motion or torque is changed

From this reading This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

hereafteradverbUS /hɪˈræftər/

in a subsequent part of this document or statement or matter etc.

From this reading This change is made in the bevel gear drive hereafter explained.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading This change is made in the bevel gear drive hereafter explained.

mountedadjectiveUS /ˈmaʊntəd/

assembled for use; especially by being attached to a support

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

movementnounUS /ˈmuːvmənt/

a change of position that does not entail a change of location

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

nearlyadverbUS /ˈnɪrli/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

necessitatesverbUS /nəˈsesəteɪts/

third-person singular of “necessitate” — require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.

obviousadjectiveUS /ˈɑːbviəs/

easily perceived by the senses or grasped by the mind

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

relativenounUS /ˈrelətɪv/

a person related by blood or marriage

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

restsnounUS /rests/

plural of “rest” — something left after other parts have been taken away

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

runsnounUS /rʌnz/

plural of “run” — a score in baseball made by a runner touching all four bases safely

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

shaftnounUS /ʃæft/

a line that forms the length of an arrow pointer

From this reading In nearly all cars the engine shaft runs fore and aft, and consequently is at right angles to the axles.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.

sortnounUS /sɔːrt/

a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.

springsnounUS /sprɪŋz/

plural of “spring” — the season of growth

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

termnounUS /tɜːrm/

a word or expression used for some particular thing

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This, of course, necessitates some sort of gearing between the engine shaft and axle.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

transmissionnounUS /trænˈsmɪʃən/

the act of sending a message; causing a message to be transmitted

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

transmittedadjectiveUS /trænˈsmɪtɪd/

occurring among members of a family usually by heredity

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

wheelsnounUS /wiːlz/

plural of “wheel” — a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines)

From this reading THE DRIVE The term used to designate the transmission of power from the engine to the wheels, is called the _drive_.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading As the engine is mounted on the frame of the car, which rests on springs, and the axle is below the springs, it is obvious that the drive must be transmitted between two parts which have a relative up and down movement.

Chapter 7 of Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe holds 43 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of Automobiles contain?

Chapter 7 holds 43 sentences of Automobiles, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 43 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of Automobiles?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Automobiles

Common questions about reading Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Automobiles?

Yes. All 1823 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #73790 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #73790, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Automobiles take to read?

About 151 minutes of reading across 365 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Automobiles

Words and structures a reader meets early in Automobiles, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Zerbe
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Price
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Volume
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cents
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.