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Automobiles
Automobiles

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Automobiles is here in full — 34 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Automobiles
Context Illustration Reading 1/6 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.
These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.
CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.
These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.
Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Automobiles

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Automobiles is here in full — 34 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/6 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.
/ˈklʌtʃəz ˈklʌtʃəz ɑːr eˈsenʃəl ɪn ɔːl ˈɡæsəliːn kɑːrz fɔːr ðə ˈriːzən ðæt ðə ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˈpaʊər ʌv ðə ˈmoʊtər mʌst biː ˈfriːkwəntli ˌdɪskəˈnektɪd frʌm ðə ˈrʌnɪŋ ɡɪr/
Line 2
These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.
/ðiːz dɪˈvaɪsəz ɑːr dɪˈzaɪnd tuː trænzˈmɪt ˈmoʊʃən frʌm ðə ˈendʒən tuː ðə trænˈsmɪʃən ʃæft soʊ ðæt wen ðə klʌtʃ ɪz enˈɡeɪdʒd ðə trænˈsmɪʃən ʃæft wɪl tɜːrn wɪð ðə ˈendʒən ʃæft/
Line 3
CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.
Line 4
These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.
/ðiːz rɪˈkwaɪrmənts mʌst biː met baɪ ə kənˈdɪʃən ðæt ðə ækt ʌv enˈɡeɪdʒɪŋ ðə klʌtʃ wɪl nɑːt nəˈsesəteɪt ə lɔːŋ ˈmuːvmənt ʌv ðə fʊt ˈpedəl wɪtʃ sets ðə klʌtʃ/
Line 5
Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.
/ˈʌðər kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃənz mʌst biː ˈteɪkən ˈɪntuː əˈkaʊnt ˈɔːlsoʊ ənd ðæt ɪz fəˈsɪlɪti fɔːr ɪɡˈzæmɪnɪŋ ənd rɪˈperɪŋ ˈiːzi rɪˈmuːvəl ʌv wɔːrn ɔːr ˈbroʊkən pɑːrts ənd ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti ʌv əˈdʒʌstmənt æz ðə ˈkɑːntækt ˈsɜːrfəsəz wer/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

capability noun US /ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/

the quality of being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally

From this reading “Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.”

disconnect verb US /dɪskəˈnekt/

pull the plug of (electrical appliances) and render inoperable

From this reading “CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.”

disconnected adjective US /ˌdɪskəˈnektɪd/

(music) marked by or composed of disconnected parts or sounds; cut short crisply

From this reading “CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.”

instantaneously adverb US /ˌɪnstənˈtæniəsli/

without any delay

From this reading “CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.”

necessitate verb US /nəˈsesəteɪt/

require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading “These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.”

pedal noun US /ˈpedəl/

a sustained bass note

From this reading “These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.”

transmission noun US /trænˈsmɪʃən/

the act of sending a message; causing a message to be transmitted

From this reading “These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.”

transmit verb US /trænzˈmɪt/

transfer to another

From this reading “These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

two parts noun + noun

In this reading “CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.”

Other considerations adjective + noun counted as “other consideration”

In this reading “Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.”

act of verb + particle

In this reading “These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.”

into account preposition + noun

In this reading “Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.”

met by verb + particle counted as “meet by”

In this reading “These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.”

All words in this reading · 102

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

abilitynounUS /əˈbɪlətiː/

the quality of being able to perform; a quality that permits or facilitates achievement or accomplishment

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

actverbUS /ækt/

perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.

adjustmentnounUS /əˈdʒʌstmənt/

making or becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

brokenadjectiveUS /ˈbroʊkən/

physically and forcibly separated into pieces or cracked or split

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.

capabilitynounUS /ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/

the quality of being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

carsnounUS /kɑːrz/

plural of “car” — a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

clutchnounUS /klʌtʃ/

the act of grasping

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

CLUTCHESnounUS /ˈklʌtʃəz/

the act of grasping

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

conditionnounUS /kənˈdɪʃən/

a state at a particular time

From this reading These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.

considerationsnounUS /kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “consideration” — the process of giving careful thought to something

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

contactnounUS /ˈkɑːntækt/

close interaction

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

designedadjectiveUS /dɪˈzaɪnd/

done or made or performed with purpose and intent

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

devicesnounUS /dɪˈvaɪsəz/

an inclination or desire; used in the plural in the phrase “left to your own devices”

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

disconnectverbUS /dɪskəˈnekt/

pull the plug of (electrical appliances) and render inoperable

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

disconnectedadjectiveUS /ˌdɪskəˈnektɪd/

(music) marked by or composed of disconnected parts or sounds; cut short crisply

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

drivingadjectiveUS /ˈdraɪvɪŋ/

having the power of driving or impelling

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

easyadjectiveUS /ˈiːzi/

posing no difficulty; requiring little effort

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

engagedadjectiveUS /enˈɡeɪdʒd/

having ones attention or mind or energy engaged

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

engagingadjectiveUS /enˈɡeɪdʒɪŋ/

attracting or delighting

From this reading These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.

enginenounUS /ˈendʒən/

motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

essentialadjectiveUS /eˈsenʃəl/

absolutely necessary; vitally necessary

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

examiningverbUS /ɪɡˈzæmɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “examine” — consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

facilitynounUS /fəˈsɪlɪti/

a building or place that provides a particular service or is used for a particular industry

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

firmlyadverbUS /ˈfɜːrmli/

with resolute determination

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

footnounUS /fʊt/

the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

fourthnounUS /fɔːrθ/

following the third position; number four in a countable series

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

frequentlyadverbUS /ˈfriːkwəntli/

many times at short intervals

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

gasolinenounUS /ˈɡæsəliːn/

a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

gearnounUS /ɡɪr/

a toothed wheel that engages another toothed mechanism in order to change the speed or direction of transmitted motion

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

graduallyadverbUS /ˈɡrædʒuːəli/

in a gradual manner

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

holdverbUS /hoʊld/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

instantaneouslyadverbUS /ˌɪnstənˈtæniəsli/

without any delay

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

metverbUS /met/

inflected form of “meet” — come together

From this reading These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.

motionnounUS /ˈmoʊʃən/

the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

motornounUS /ˈmoʊtər/

machine that converts other forms of energy into mechanical energy and so imparts motion

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

movementnounUS /ˈmuːvmənt/

a change of position that does not entail a change of location

From this reading These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

necessitateverbUS /nəˈsesəteɪt/

require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

OtheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

pedalnounUS /ˈpedəl/

a sustained bass note

From this reading These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

produceverbUS /prəˈduːs/

bring forth or yield

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

removalnounUS /rɪˈmuːvəl/

the act of removing

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

repairingverbUS /rɪˈperɪŋ/

-ing form of “repair” — restore by replacing a part or putting together what is torn or broken

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

requiredadjectiveUS /riˈkwaɪərd/

necessary for relief or supply

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

REQUIREMENTSnounUS /rɪˈkwaɪrmənts/

plural of “requirement” — required activity

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

requisitenounUS /ˈrekwəzət/

anything indispensable

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

runningadjectiveUS /ˈrʌnɪŋ/

(of fluids) moving or issuing in a stream

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

setsnounUS /sets/

plural of “set” — a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used

From this reading These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.

shaftnounUS /ʃæft/

a line that forms the length of an arrow pointer

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

shaftsnounUS /ʃæfts/

plural of “shaft” — a line that forms the length of an arrow pointer

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

suddenlyadverbUS /ˈsʌdənli/

happening unexpectedly

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

surfacesnounUS /ˈsɜːrfəsəz/

plural of “surface” — the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading CLUTCHES Clutches are essential in all gasoline cars, for the reason that the driving power of the motor must be frequently disconnected from the running gear.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

thirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

thrustverbUS /θrʌst/

push forcefully

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

transmissionnounUS /trænˈsmɪʃən/

the act of sending a message; causing a message to be transmitted

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

transmitverbUS /trænzˈmɪt/

transfer to another

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

turnverbUS /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading CLUTCH REQUIREMENTS.--The first requisite of a clutch is its ability to firmly hold the two shafts together; the second is, that it may be engaged gradually, and not suddenly; third, that it must disconnect instantaneously; and, fourth, that the force required to hold the two parts of the clutch together must not produce an end thrust on either shaft.

wearverbUS /wer/

be dressed in

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading These requirements must be met by a condition that the act of engaging the clutch will not necessitate a long movement of the foot pedal which sets the clutch.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading These devices are designed to transmit motion from the engine to the transmission shaft, so that when the clutch is engaged the transmission shaft will turn with the engine shaft.

wornverbUS /wɔːrn/

Damaged or thinned by continuous use.

From this reading Other considerations must be taken into account, also, and that is facility for examining and repairing, easy removal of worn or broken parts, and capability of adjustment as the contact surfaces wear.

Chapter 8 of Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe holds 34 sentences, grouped into 7 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Automobiles contain?

Chapter 8 holds 34 sentences of Automobiles, unabridged, divided into 7 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 34 sentences, grouped into 7 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Automobiles?

Work through the 7 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 7 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Automobiles

Common questions about reading Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Automobiles?

Yes. All 1823 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #73790 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Automobiles is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #73790, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Automobiles take to read?

About 151 minutes of reading across 365 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Automobiles section by section

How to work through Automobiles section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 18 chapters of Automobiles to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Automobiles

Words and structures a reader meets early in Automobiles, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Zerbe
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Price
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Volume
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cents
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.