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Automobiles
Automobiles

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of Automobiles is here in full — 36 sentences across 8 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/7 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.
AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.
Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.
One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.
AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Automobiles

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of Automobiles is here in full — 36 sentences across 8 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/7 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.
/ˈkuːlɪŋ ˈsɪstəmz ˈprɑːpər ˈkuːlɪŋ ɪz ə ˈnesəseri ˈfiːtʃər ʌv ɔːl ˈɡæsəliːn ˈmoʊtərz ˈʌðərwaɪz ðə ˌɪnˈtens hiːt ʌv ðə ˈbɜːrnɪŋ ˈfjuːəl wʊd ɪkˈspænd ðə ˈpɪstənz tuː sʌtʃ æn ɪkˈstent æz tuː prɪˈvent ðer friː ˈmoʊʃən ɪn ðə ˈsɪləndərz æz wel æz dɪˈstrɔɪ ðə spɑːrk plʌɡz ˈɪndʒər ðə sprɪŋz ənd meɪk ˌluːbrɪˈkeɪʃən ə ˈdɪfəkəlt ˈmætər ɪf nɑːt ˌɪmˈpɑːsəbəl baɪ ˈbɜːrnɪŋ ʌp ðə ɔɪl/
Line 2
AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.
Line 3
Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.
Line 4
One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.
Line 5
AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

absorbent noun US /əbˈzɔːrbənt/

a material having capacity or tendency to absorb another substance

From this reading “Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.”

decreased adjective US /dɪˈkriːst/

made less in size or amount or degree

From this reading “AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.”

lubrication noun US /ˌluːbrɪˈkeɪʃən/

the condition of having been made smooth or slippery by the application of a lubricant

From this reading “COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.”

motorcycles noun US /ˈmoʊtərsaɪkəlz/

plural of “motorcycle” — a motor vehicle with two wheels and a strong frame

From this reading “One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.”

pistons noun US /ˈpɪstənz/

plural of “piston” — United States neoclassical composer (1894-1976)

From this reading “COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.”

plugs noun US /plʌɡz/

plural of “plug” — blockage consisting of an object designed to fill a hole tightly

From this reading “COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.”

plurality noun US /plərˈælɪti/

the state of being plural

From this reading “One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.”

repels verb US /rɪˈpelz/

third-person singular of “repel” — cause to move back by force or influence

From this reading “AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

intense heat adjective + noun

In this reading “COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.”

difficult matter adjective + noun

In this reading “COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.”

on account preposition + noun

In this reading “Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.”

in proportion preposition + noun

In this reading “AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.”

by using preposition + noun

In this reading “AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.”

take up verb + adjective

pursue or resume

In this reading “Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.”

blast of verb + particle

In this reading “AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.”

obtained by verb + particle counted as “obtain by”

In this reading “AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.”

All words in this reading · 135

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

72

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

absorbentnounUS /əbˈzɔːrbənt/

a material having capacity or tendency to absorb another substance

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

actuallyadverbUS /ˈæktʃuːəli/

in actual fact

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

AIRnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

AIR-COOLING

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

annularly-disposed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

areanounUS /ˈeriə/

a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography)

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

artauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

blastverbUS /blæst/

make a strident sound

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

blownadjectiveUS /bloʊn/

being moved or acted upon by moving air or vapor

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

broadadjectiveUS /brɔːd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

burningnounUS /ˈbɜːrnɪŋ/

the act of burning something

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

capacitynounUS /kəˈpæsəti/

capability to perform or produce

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

consideredadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərd/

carefully weighed

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

cooledverbUS /kuːld/

past form of “cool” — make cool or cooler

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

COOLINGnounUS /ˈkuːlɪŋ/

the process of becoming cooler; a falling temperature

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

cylindersnounUS /ˈsɪləndərz/

plural of “cylinder” — a solid bounded by a cylindrical surface and two parallel planes (the bases)

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

decreasedadjectiveUS /dɪˈkriːst/

made less in size or amount or degree

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

degreenounUS /dɪˈɡriː/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

destroyverbUS /dɪˈstrɔɪ/

do away with, cause the destruction or undoing of

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

developedadjectiveUS /dɪˈveləpt/

being changed over time so as to be e.g. stronger or more complete or more useful

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

devicesnounUS /dɪˈvaɪsəz/

an inclination or desire; used in the plural in the phrase “left to your own devices”

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

difficultadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfəkəlt/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

enginenounUS /ˈendʒən/

motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

enlargedadjectiveUS /ˌenˈlɑːrdʒd/

(of an organ or body part) excessively enlarged as a result of increased size in the constituent cells

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

expandverbUS /ɪkˈspænd/

extend in one or more directions

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

expensenounUS /ɪkˈspens/

amounts paid for goods and services that may be currently tax deductible (as opposed to capital expenditures)

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

extentnounUS /ɪkˈstent/

the point or degree to which something extends

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

featurenounUS /ˈfiːtʃər/

a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

FignounUS /fɪɡ/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

fluidnounUS /ˈfluːəd/

a substance that is fluid at room temperature and pressure

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

freeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

fuelverbUS /ˈfjuːəl/

provide with a combustible substance that provides energy

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

furtheradverbUS /ˈfɜːrðər/

to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (“further” is used more often than “farther” in this abstract sense)

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

gasolinenounUS /ˈɡæsəliːn/

a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

greateradjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtər/

greater in size or importance or degree

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

greatestadjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtəst/

highest in quality

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

heatnounUS /hiːt/

a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

henceadverbUS /hens/

for this reason

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

highly-heated

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

impossibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɑːsəbəl/

not capable of occurring or being accomplished or dealt with

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

increasenounUS /ˌɪnˈkriːs/

a quantity that is added

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

injureverbUS /ˈɪndʒər/

cause injuries or bodily harm to

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

intenseadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtens/

possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

jacketing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

largelyadverbUS /ˈlɑːrdʒli/

in large part; mainly or chiefly

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

lubricationnounUS /ˌluːbrɪˈkeɪʃən/

the condition of having been made smooth or slippery by the application of a lubricant

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

metallicadjectiveUS /məˈtælɪk/

containing or made of or resembling or characteristic of a metal

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

motionnounUS /ˈmoʊʃən/

the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

motorcyclesnounUS /ˈmoʊtərsaɪkəlz/

plural of “motorcycle” — a motor vehicle with two wheels and a strong frame

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

motorsnounUS /ˈmoʊtərz/

plural of “motor” — machine that converts other forms of energy into mechanical energy and so imparts motion

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

needlessadjectiveUS /ˈniːdləs/

unnecessary and unwarranted

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

objectedverbUS /əbˈdʒektəd/

past form of “object” — express or raise an objection or protest or criticism or express dissent

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

obtainedverbUS /əbˈteɪnd/

past form of “obtain” — come into possession of

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

oilnounUS /ɔɪl/

A viscous liquid derived from petroleum or plants, stored in large earthen jars.

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

originallyadverbUS /ərˈɪdʒənəli/

in an original manner

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

otherwiseadverbUS /ˈʌðərwaɪz/

in other respects or ways

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

pistonsnounUS /ˈpɪstənz/

plural of “piston” — United States neoclassical composer (1894-1976)

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

plugsnounUS /plʌɡz/

plural of “plug” — blockage consisting of an object designed to fill a hole tightly

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

pluralitynounUS /plərˈælɪti/

the state of being plural

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

preventverbUS /prɪˈvent/

keep from happening or arising; make impossible

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

primaryadjectiveUS /ˈpraɪmeri/

of first rank or importance or value; direct and immediate rather than secondary

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

ProperadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːpər/

marked by suitability or rightness or appropriateness

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

proportionnounUS /prəˈpɔːrʃən/

the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

provideverbUS /prəˈvaɪd/

give something useful or necessary to

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

providedverbUS /prəˈvaɪdɪd/

past form of “provide” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

readilyadverbUS /ˈredəli/

without much difficulty

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

repelsverbUS /rɪˈpelz/

third-person singular of “repel” — cause to move back by force or influence

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

ribsnounUS /rɪbz/

plural of “rib” — support resembling the rib of an animal

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

satisfactoryadjectiveUS /ˌsætəˈsfæktri/

giving satisfaction

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

shownverbUS /ʃoʊn/

inflected form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

sparknounUS /spɑːrk/

a momentary flash of light

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

springsnounUS /sprɪŋz/

plural of “spring” — the season of growth

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

stagesnounUS /ˈsteɪdʒəz/

plural of “stage” — any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

subtile

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

supplyverbUS /səˈplaɪ/

give something useful or necessary to

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

SYSTEMSnounUS /ˈsɪstəmz/

plural of “system” — instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

temperaturenounUS /ˈtemprətʃər/

the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

thinadjectiveUS /θɪn/

Having little thickness or extent.

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

thusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

usingnounUS /ˈjuːzɪŋ/

an act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly)

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

weightnounUS /weɪt/

the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

whereasconjunctionUS /weˈræz/

in contrast with the fact that

From this reading Air does not take up heat readily, whereas water is the greatest absorbent known, and in the primary stages of the art water was objected to on account of its weight, and for the further reason that the jacketing of the engine was considered a needless expense.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading AIR COOLING.--Cooling was originally obtained by using air, which was blown against the cylinders; but this was not generally developed to a satisfactory degree except for small motors.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading AIR-COOLING DEVICES.--A highly-heated metallic surface actually repels such a subtile fluid as air, hence it is necessary to supply the cylinders with a blast of air, and also provide a greater cooling area, so that if the ribs themselves can be cooled, the temperature will be decreased in proportion to the enlarged surface thus provided.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading One of the best known devices to increase the cooling capacity with air cooling, and now largely used in motorcycles, is to provide the cylinders with a plurality of thin broad ribs, annularly-disposed, as shown in Fig. 72a.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading COOLING SYSTEMS Proper cooling is a necessary feature of all gasoline motors, otherwise the intense heat of the burning fuel would expand the pistons to such an extent as to prevent their free motion in the cylinders, as well as destroy the spark plugs, injure the springs, and make lubrication a difficult matter, if not impossible, by burning up the oil.

Chapter 11 of Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe holds 36 sentences, grouped into 8 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of Automobiles contain?

Chapter 11 holds 36 sentences of Automobiles, unabridged, divided into 8 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 36 sentences, grouped into 8 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 11 of Automobiles?

Work through the 8 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 8 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 11 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Automobiles

Common questions about reading Automobiles by James Slough Zerbe on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Automobiles?

Yes. All 1823 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #73790 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Automobiles is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #73790, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Automobiles take to read?

About 151 minutes of reading across 365 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Automobiles section by section

How to work through Automobiles section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 18 chapters of Automobiles to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Automobiles

Words and structures a reader meets early in Automobiles, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Zerbe
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Price
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Volume
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cents
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Automobiles; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.