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Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes
Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes is here in full — 433 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes
Context Illustration Reading 1/86 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
[141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.
_Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.
In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.
[142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.
A shallow critic would be apt to say that this is bad grammar.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes is here in full — 433 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/86 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
[141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.
Line 2
_Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.
Line 3
In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.
Line 4
[142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.
Line 5
A shallow critic would be apt to say that this is bad grammar.
/ə ˈʃæloʊ ˈkrɪtɪk wʊd biː æpt tuː seɪ ðæt ðɪs ɪz bæd ˈɡræmər/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

agrees verb US /əˈɡriːz/

third-person singular of “agree” — be in accord; be in agreement

From this reading “[142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.”

grammar noun US /ˈɡræmər/

the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)

From this reading “A shallow critic would be apt to say that this is bad grammar.”

Hindustan noun US /ˈhɪnduːstæn/

northern region of India where Hinduism predominates

noun noun US /naʊn/

a content word that can be used to refer to a person, place, thing, quality, or action

From this reading “[142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.”

ora noun US /ˈɔːrə/

plural of “os” — a mouth or mouthlike opening

performers noun US /pərˈfɔːrmərz/

plural of “performer” — an entertainer who performs a dramatic or musical work for an audience

From this reading “_Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.”

singers noun US /ˈsɪŋərz/

plural of “singer” — a person who sings

From this reading “_Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.”

tan noun US /tæn/

a browning of the skin resulting from exposure to the rays of the sun

All words in this reading · 67

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

141

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

142

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

600

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

agreesverbUS /əˈɡriːz/

third-person singular of “agree” — be in accord; be in agreement

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

aptadjectiveUS /æpt/

(usually followed by “to”) naturally disposed toward

From this reading A shallow critic would be apt to say that this is bad grammar.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

aur

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

BanounUS /ˌbiːˈeɪ/

a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group; found in barite

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

badadjectiveUS /bæd/

having undesirable or negative qualities

From this reading A shallow critic would be apt to say that this is bad grammar.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

celebratedadjectiveUS /ˈseləbreɪtɪd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

criticnounUS /ˈkrɪtɪk/

a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art

From this reading A shallow critic would be apt to say that this is bad grammar.

grammarnounUS /ˈɡræmər/

the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)

From this reading A shallow critic would be apt to say that this is bad grammar.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

highestadjectiveUS /ˈhaɪəst/

superlative of “high” — greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

HindustannounUS /ˈhɪnduːstæn/

northern region of India where Hinduism predominates

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

ishtiyak

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

itni

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

jis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

KinounUS /kiː/

the circulating life energy that in Chinese philosophy is thought to be inherent in all things; in traditional Chinese medicine the balance of negative and positive forms in the body is believed to be essential for good health

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

kiya

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

livedverbUS /lɪvd/

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

musicaladjectiveUS /ˈmjuːzɪkəl/

characterized by or capable of producing music

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

nearestadverbUS /ˈnɪrəst/

(superlative of “near” or “close”) within the shortest distance

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

needsadverbUS /niːdz/

in such a manner as could not be otherwise

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

nounnounUS /naʊn/

a content word that can be used to refer to a person, place, thing, quality, or action

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

oranounUS /ˈɔːrə/

plural of “os” — a mouth or mouthlike opening

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

originaladjectiveUS /ərˈɪdʒənəl/

preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

performersnounUS /pərˈfɔːrmərz/

plural of “performer” — an entertainer who performs a dramatic or musical work for an audience

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

playverbUS /pleɪ/

participate in games or sport

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

pointedadjectiveUS /ˈpɔɪntɪd/

having a point

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

reverenceverbUS /ˈrevərəns/

regard with feelings of respect and reverence; consider hallowed or exalted or be in awe of

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading A shallow critic would be apt to say that this is bad grammar.

scarcelyadverbUS /ˈskersli/

only a very short time before

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

shallowadjectiveUS /ˈʃæloʊ/

lacking physical depth; having little spatial extension downward or inward from an outer surface or backward or outward from a center

From this reading A shallow critic would be apt to say that this is bad grammar.

singernounUS /ˈsɪŋər/

a person who sings

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

singersnounUS /ˈsɪŋərz/

plural of “singer” — a person who sings

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

ta'rif

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

tannounUS /tæn/

a browning of the skin resulting from exposure to the rays of the sun

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

Tan-Sen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading A shallow critic would be apt to say that this is bad grammar.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _Tan-Sen_ and _Ba,ora_ are still held in the highest reverence by singers and musical performers.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading A shallow critic would be apt to say that this is bad grammar.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

upperadjectiveUS /ˈʌpər/

the topmost one of two

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading In the original, there is a play on the words to _tan_ and _ba,ora_ which scarcely needs to be pointed out.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading A shallow critic would be apt to say that this is bad grammar.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading [141] A celebrated singer in upper _Hindustan_, who lived about 600 years ago.

zahir

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [142] The original is, "_jis Ki itni ta'rif aur ishtiyak zahir kiya_," where the word _kiya_ agrees with _ishtiyak_ only, being the noun nearest.

Chapter 8 of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes by Amir Khusraw Dihlavi holds 433 sentences, grouped into 87 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes contain?

Chapter 8 holds 433 sentences of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes, unabridged, divided into 87 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes by Amir Khusraw Dihlavi exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 433 sentences, grouped into 87 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes?

Work through the 87 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 87 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes

Common questions about reading Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes by Amir Khusraw Dihlavi on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes?

Yes. All 3353 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12370 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12370, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes take to read?

About 279 minutes of reading across 671 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes section by section

How to work through Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 8 chapters of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes

Words and structures a reader meets early in Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Bahar
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Tales
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Darweshes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Translated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Bagh O Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.