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Barbara Blomberg — Volume 07
Barbara Blomberg — Volume 07

Chapter III

Cover illustration for Barbara Blomberg — Volume 07
Context Illustration Reading 1/49 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.
In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.
On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.
The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.
King Ferdinand's two daughters were to be married the first of July, and many a distinguished guest came to Ratisbon in June.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Barbara Blomberg — Volume 07

Chapter III

Reading 1/49 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.
Line 2
In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.
Line 3
On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.
Line 4
The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.
Line 5
King Ferdinand's two daughters were to be married the first of July, and many a distinguished guest came to Ratisbon in June.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Bustle noun US /ˈbʌsəl/

busy and excited activity

From this reading “In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.”

Every determiner US /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading “Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.”

First noun US /first/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “King Ferdinand's two daughters were to be married the first of July, and many a distinguished guest came to Ratisbon in June.”

John noun US /john/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.”

Little noun US /little/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.”

May modal verb US /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading “On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.”

Must modal verb US /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading “Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.”

Nay exclamation US /neɪ/

an old word for “no”

From this reading “Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.”

Neither determiner US /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading “The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.”

One pronoun US /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading “Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.”

Silence noun US /ˈsaɪ.ləns/

Complete absence of sound; a state of quietness and stillness.

From this reading “Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.”

Within preposition US /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading “Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.”

Would modal verb US /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading “The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.”

All words in this reading · 87

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.

arrived

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.

attracted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

brother

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.

bustlenounUS /ˈbʌsəl/

busy and excited activity

From this reading In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

came

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading King Ferdinand's two daughters were to be married the first of July, and many a distinguished guest came to Ratisbon in June.

castle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

Charles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.

constantly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.

contrary

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.

Cross

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.

Danube

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

daughters

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading King Ferdinand's two daughters were to be married the first of July, and many a distinguished guest came to Ratisbon in June.

days

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

distinguished

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading King Ferdinand's two daughters were to be married the first of July, and many a distinguished guest came to Ratisbon in June.

Elector

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

family

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.

Ferdinand

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.

Ferdinand's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading King Ferdinand's two daughters were to be married the first of July, and many a distinguished guest came to Ratisbon in June.

fifth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

firstnounUS /first/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading King Ferdinand's two daughters were to be married the first of July, and many a distinguished guest came to Ratisbon in June.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

Golden

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.

guarded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

guest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading King Ferdinand's two daughters were to be married the first of July, and many a distinguished guest came to Ratisbon in June.

heads

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

Hesse

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.

house

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

ill

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

increased

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.

John

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

July

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading King Ferdinand's two daughters were to be married the first of July, and many a distinguished guest came to Ratisbon in June.

June

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

King

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.

Landgrave

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

lay

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

layer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

league

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

littlenounUS /little/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

many

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

married

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading King Ferdinand's two daughters were to be married the first of July, and many a distinguished guest came to Ratisbon in June.

Maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

nayexclamationUS /neɪ/

an old word for “no”

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

nobles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

noise

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

opened

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

pervaded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

Philip

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

Prebrunn

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

princes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

Ratisbon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In Ratisbon and the Golden Cross, on the contrary, the noise and bustle constantly increased.

Reichstag

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

road

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

Saxony

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

seriously

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

showed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

SilencenounUS /ˈsaɪ.ləns/

Complete absence of sound; a state of quietness and stillness.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

Smalcald

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.

some

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

sound

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

straw

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

there

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

thick

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.

twenty-eighth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.

two

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading King Ferdinand's two daughters were to be married the first of July, and many a distinguished guest came to Ratisbon in June.

visit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading On the twenty-eighth of May, King Ferdinand arrived with his family to visit his brother Charles.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading Silence pervaded the little castle in Prebrunn; nay, there were days when a thick layer of straw in the road showed that within the house lay some one seriously ill, who must be guarded from every sound.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading The Reichstag would be opened on the fifth of June, and attracted to the Danube many princes and nobles, but neither the Elector John of Saxony nor the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the heads of the Smalcald league.