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Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells.
Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells.

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells. is here in full — 215 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells.
Context Illustration Reading 1/43 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.
She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.
It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.
It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.
Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells.

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells. is here in full — 215 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/43 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.
Line 2
She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.
Line 3
It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.
Line 4
It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.
Line 5
Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

achilles noun US /əˈkɪliz/

a mythical Greek hero of the Iliad

From this reading “THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.”

brambles noun US /ˈbræmbəlz/

plural of “bramble” — any of various rough thorny shrubs or vines

From this reading “Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.”

eagle's noun US /ˈiːɡəlz/

possessive form of “eagle” — any of various large keen-sighted diurnal birds of prey noted for their broad wings and strong soaring flight

From this reading “Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.”

encroached verb US /ɪnˈkroʊtʃt/

past form of “encroach” — advance beyond the usual limit

From this reading “Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.”

fells noun US /felz/

plural of “fell” — the dressed skin of an animal (especially a large animal)

From this reading “THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.”

jutting adjective US /ˈdʒʌtɪŋ/

extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary

From this reading “She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.”

scan verb US /skæn/

examine minutely or intensely

From this reading “Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.”

unpretentious adjective US /ˌʌnpriˈtenʃəs/

lacking pretension or affectation

From this reading “It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

on the top preposition + article + noun counted as “on … top”

In this reading “She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.”

in fact preposition + noun

in reality or actuality

In this reading “It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.”

looked down verb + adjective counted as “look down”

In this reading “She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.”

old house adjective + noun

In this reading “She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.”

for safety preposition + noun

In this reading “It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.”

All words in this reading · 100

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

ACHILLESnounUS /əˈkɪliz/

a mythical Greek hero of the Iliad

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

alarmnounUS /əˈlɑːrm/

fear resulting from the awareness of danger

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

Barbara

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

Barbara's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

battlementedadjective

protected with battlements or parapets with indentations or embrasures for shooting through

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

beautynounUS /ˈbjuːti/

the qualities that give pleasure to the senses

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

belongingnounUS /bɪˈlɔːŋɪŋ/

happiness felt in a secure relationship

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

bourgeoning

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

bramblesnounUS /ˈbræmbəlz/

plural of “bramble” — any of various rough thorny shrubs or vines

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

broadadjectiveUS /brɔːd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

cattlenounUS /ˈkætəl/

domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

cellarnounUS /ˈselər/

the lowermost portion of a structure partly or wholly below ground level; often used for storage

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

chimneysnounUS /ˈtʃɪmniz/

plural of “chimney” — a vertical flue that provides a path through which smoke from a fire is carried away through the wall or roof of a building

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

comfortnounUS /ˈkʌmfərt/

a state of being relaxed and feeling no pain

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

cragnounUS /kræɡ/

a steep rugged rock or cliff

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

Cringel

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

decaynounUS /dɪˈkeɪ/

the process of gradually becoming inferior

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

defencenounUS /dɪˈfens/

(psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

doorwaynounUS /ˈdɔːrweɪ/

the entrance (the space in a wall) through which you enter or leave a room or building; the space that a door can close

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

drivenadjectiveUS /ˈdrɪvən/

compelled forcibly by an outside agency

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

drivingadjectiveUS /ˈdraɪvɪŋ/

having the power of driving or impelling

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

eagle'snounUS /ˈiːɡəlz/

possessive form of “eagle” — any of various large keen-sighted diurnal birds of prey noted for their broad wings and strong soaring flight

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

encroachedverbUS /ɪnˈkroʊtʃt/

past form of “encroach” — advance beyond the usual limit

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

farm-house

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

fellsnounUS /felz/

plural of “fell” — the dressed skin of an animal (especially a large animal)

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

fellside

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

ForestnounUS /ˈfɔːrəst/

the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

fortifiedadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrtəfaɪd/

secured with bastions or fortifications

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

frequentverbUS /ˈfriːkwənt/

do one's shopping at; do business with; be a customer or client of

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

growingnounUS /ˈɡroʊɪŋ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

HartnounUS /hɑːrt/

United States playwright who collaborated with George S. Kaufman (1904-1961)

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

JoelnounUS /ˈdʒoʊəl/

a Hebrew minor prophet

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

juttingadjectiveUS /ˈdʒʌtɪŋ/

extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

keenadjectiveUS /kiːn/

having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

leafnounUS /liːf/

the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

loop-holed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

moss-troopers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

notedadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊtəd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

paidadjectiveUS /peɪd/

marked by the reception of pay

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

pinenounUS /paɪn/

a coniferous tree

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

ranverbUS /ræn/

inflected form of “run” — move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

risingadjectiveUS /ˈraɪzɪŋ/

advancing or becoming higher or greater in degree or value or status

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

rocksnounUS /rɑːks/

plural of “rock” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

safetynounUS /ˈseɪfti/

the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

scanverbUS /skæn/

examine minutely or intensely

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

settledadjectiveUS /ˈsetəld/

established or decided beyond dispute or doubt

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

ShepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

sheepnounUS /ʃiːp/

woolly usually horned ruminant mammal related to the goat

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

SHIELDnounUS /ʃiːld/

a protective covering or structure

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

thicketnounUS /ˈθɪkɪt/

a dense growth of bushes

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

topnounUS /tɑːp/

the upper part of anything

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading She looked down and saw the trees bourgeoning into leaf, and rising out of them, on the top of a jutting crag, the old house belonging to Joel Hart.

underneathprepositionUS /ˌʌndərˈniːθ/

directly under, often hidden by what is above

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

unpretentiousadjectiveUS /ˌʌnpriˈtenʃəs/

lacking pretension or affectation

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

villagersnounUS /ˈvɪlɪdʒərz/

plural of “villager” — one who has lived in a village most of their life

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

visitsnounUS /ˈvɪzɪts/

plural of “visit” — the act of going to see some person or place or thing for a short time

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Barbara was driving sheep on the fells above Cringel Forest.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading It was an unpretentious place, but battlemented and loop-holed, made for defence when moss-troopers paid frequent visits, and not for beauty or comfort.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading It was, in fact, little better than a fortified farm-house; underneath it ran a long dark cellar, where the cattle of the villagers could be driven for safety in times of alarm.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Barbara's keen eyes--keen as an eagle's to scan the broad fellside--noted the air of decay which had settled upon it, the thicket of brambles among the chimneys, and how a pine, growing out of the rocks, encroached upon the doorway.

Chapter 4 of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells. by Emily J. Jenkinson holds 215 sentences, grouped into 43 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells. contain?

Chapter 4 holds 215 sentences of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells., unabridged, divided into 43 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells. by Emily J. Jenkinson exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 215 sentences, grouped into 43 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells.?

Work through the 43 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 43 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells.

Common questions about reading Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells. by Emily J. Jenkinson on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells.?

Yes. All 5377 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #41422 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells. is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #41422, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells. take to read?

About 448 minutes of reading across 1076 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells. section by section

How to work through Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells. section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 25 chapters of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells. to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells.

Words and structures a reader meets early in Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells., each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells.; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Silverwool
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells.; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Unrest
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells.; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Enduring
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Barbara Lynn: A Tale of the Dales and Fells.; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.