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Barbarossa
Barbarossa

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Barbarossa is here in full — 408 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/81 · 5 lines
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XII Century.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
J. FAGAN & SON, STEREOTYPERS, PHILAD'A.
AMERICAN EDITION.
The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Barbarossa

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Barbarossa is here in full — 408 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/81 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
XII Century.
Line 2
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Line 3
J. FAGAN & SON, STEREOTYPERS, PHILAD'A.
Line 4
AMERICAN EDITION.
/əˈmerəkən əˈdɪʃən/
Line 5
The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.
/ðə ˈplezənt hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl ˈnɑːvəl wɪtʃ ɪz naʊ ˈɔːfərd tuː ðə əˈmerəkən ˈpʌblɪk rəˈfɜːrz tuː ə ˈpɪriəd ʌv ˈhɪstəri ˈveri mʌtʃ ˌmɪsreprɪˈzentɪd ðoʊ ˈveri ˈfriːkwəntli ˈrɪtən əˈbaʊt ɔːr æt liːst rəˈfɜːrd tuː baɪ ˈpɑːpjələr ˈraɪtərz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Clerk's noun US /klɜːrks/

possessive form of “clerk” — an employee who performs clerical work (e.g., keeps records or accounts)

From this reading “Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.”

Congress noun US /ˈkɑːŋɡrəs/

the legislature of the United States government

From this reading “Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.”

eugene noun US /juːˈdʒiːn/

Austrian general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the Spanish Succession (1663-1736)

From this reading “Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.”

historical adjective US /hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl/

of or relating to the study of history

From this reading “The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.”

misrepresented adjective US /ˌmɪsreprɪˈzentɪd/

having an intended meaning altered or misrepresented

From this reading “The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.”

Pennsylvania noun US /ˌpensəlˈveɪnjə/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading “Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.”

refers verb US /rəˈfɜːrz/

third-person singular of “refer” — make reference to

From this reading “The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.”

writers noun US /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading “The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

historical novel adjective + noun

In this reading “The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.”

popular writers adjective + noun counted as “popular writer”

In this reading “The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.”

Act of verb + particle

In this reading “Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.”

All words in this reading · 56

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1867

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

accordingadjectiveUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋ/

(followed by “to”) in agreement with or accordant with

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

ActverbUS /ækt/

perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

AMERICANnounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading AMERICAN EDITION.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

CenturynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading XII Century.

Clerk'snounUS /klɜːrks/

possessive form of “clerk” — an employee who performs clerical work (e.g., keeps records or accounts)

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

CongressnounUS /ˈkɑːŋɡrəs/

the legislature of the United States government

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

CourtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

CUMMISKEY

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

DistrictnounUS /ˈdɪstrɪkt/

a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

EasternadjectiveUS /ˈiːstərn/

lying toward or situated in the east

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

EDITIONnounUS /əˈdɪʃən/

the form in which a text (especially a printed book) is published

From this reading AMERICAN EDITION.

EnteredverbUS /ˈentərd/

past form of “enter” — to come or go into

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

EUGENEnounUS /juːˈdʒiːn/

Austrian general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the Spanish Succession (1663-1736)

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

FAGAN

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading J. FAGAN & SON, STEREOTYPERS, PHILAD'A.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

frequentlyadverbUS /ˈfriːkwəntli/

many times at short intervals

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

historicaladjectiveUS /hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl/

of or relating to the study of history

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

JnounUS /dʒeɪ/

a unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second

From this reading J. FAGAN & SON, STEREOTYPERS, PHILAD'A.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

misrepresentedadjectiveUS /ˌmɪsreprɪˈzentɪd/

having an intended meaning altered or misrepresented

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

novelnounUS /ˈnɑːvəl/

an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

offeredverbUS /ˈɔːfərd/

past form of “offer” — make available or accessible, provide or furnish

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

OfficenounUS /ˈɔːfɪs/

place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

PennsylvanianounUS /ˌpensəlˈveɪnjə/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

PHILAD'A

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading J. FAGAN & SON, STEREOTYPERS, PHILAD'A.

pleasantadjectiveUS /ˈplezənt/

affording pleasure; being in harmony with your taste or likings

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

popularadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːpjələr/

regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

referredverbUS /rəˈfɜːrd/

inflected form of “refer” — make reference to

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

refersverbUS /rəˈfɜːrz/

third-person singular of “refer” — make reference to

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

SONnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading J. FAGAN & SON, STEREOTYPERS, PHILAD'A.

StatesnounUS /steɪts/

plural of “state” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

STEREOTYPERS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading J. FAGAN & SON, STEREOTYPERS, PHILAD'A.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

UnitedadjectiveUS /juːˈnaɪtɪd/

characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

writersnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading The pleasant historical novel which is now offered to the American public, refers to a period of history very much misrepresented, though very frequently written about, or at least referred to by popular writers.

XIInoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one

From this reading XII Century.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by EUGENE CUMMISKEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

Chapter 1 of Barbarossa by Conrad von Bolanden holds 408 sentences, grouped into 82 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Barbarossa contain?

Chapter 1 holds 408 sentences of Barbarossa, unabridged, divided into 82 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Barbarossa by Conrad von Bolanden exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 408 sentences, grouped into 82 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Barbarossa?

Work through the 82 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 82 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Barbarossa

Common questions about reading Barbarossa by Conrad von Bolanden on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Barbarossa?

Yes. All 6117 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #33487 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Barbarossa is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #33487, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Barbarossa take to read?

About 509 minutes of reading across 1224 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Barbarossa section by section

How to work through Barbarossa section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 15 chapters of Barbarossa to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Barbarossa

Words and structures a reader meets early in Barbarossa, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Century
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Barbarossa; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Entered
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Barbarossa; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
According
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Barbarossa; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Congress
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Barbarossa; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.