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Barbarossa
Barbarossa

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of Barbarossa is here in full — 417 sentences across 84 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/83 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.
"What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.
"Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?
Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?
Why these sublime representations on a pavement which must be covered with dust?"
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Barbarossa

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of Barbarossa is here in full — 417 sentences across 84 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/83 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.
/ðə kəˈθiːdrəl wɪtʃ wɑːz ðə ˈlɑːrdʒəst ɪn ðə wɜːrld wɑːz ə ˈmɑːrvəl ʌv ˈroʊmən ˈɑːrkətektʃər ənd ˈevriθɪŋ ɪn ɪt soʊ mæɡˈnɪfəsənt ðæt seɪnt bərˈnɑːrd kʊd nɑːt rɪˈzɪst ɪkˈspresɪŋ hɪz dɪskənˈtent/
Line 2
"What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.
Line 3
"Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?
Line 4
Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?
/ɪz ɪt θruː ˈɑːnər tuː ðə seɪnts ðæt juː wɔːk ˈoʊvər ðer ˈɪmədʒəz ənd spɪt əˈpɑːn ðoʊz ʌv ðə ˈhoʊli ˈeɪndʒəlz/
Line 5
Why these sublime representations on a pavement which must be covered with dust?"
/waɪ ðiːz səˈblaɪm ˌreprəzənˈteɪʃənz ɑːn ə ˈpeɪvmənt wɪtʃ mʌst biː ˈkʌvərd wɪð dʌst/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

discontent noun US /dɪskənˈtent/

a longing for something better than the present situation

From this reading “The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.”

distract verb US /dɪˈstrækt/

draw someone's attention away from something

From this reading “"What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.”

paintings noun US /ˈpeɪntɪŋz/

plural of “painting” — graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface

From this reading “"Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?”

representations noun US /ˌreprəzənˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “representation” — a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image

From this reading “Why these sublime representations on a pavement which must be covered with dust?"”

spit verb US /spɪt/

expel or eject (saliva or phlegm or sputum) from the mouth

From this reading “Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?”

studded adjective US /ˈstʌdɪd/

dotted or adorned with or as with studs or nailheads; usually used in combination

From this reading “"Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?”

sumptuous adjective US /ˈsʌmptʃwəs/

ostentatiously rich and superior in quality

From this reading “"What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.”

width noun US /wɪdθ/

the extent of something from side to side

From this reading “"What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

precious stones adjective + noun counted as “precious stone”

a precious or semiprecious stone incorporated into a piece of jewelry

In this reading “"Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?”

Holy Angels adjective + noun counted as “holy angel”

In this reading “Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?”

on a pavement preposition + article + noun counted as “on … pavement”

In this reading “Why these sublime representations on a pavement which must be covered with dust?"”

spit upon verb + particle

In this reading “Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?”

in the world preposition + article + noun counted as “in … world”

In this reading “The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.”

All words in this reading · 85

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

AbbotnounUS /ˈæbət/

the superior of an abbey of monks

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading "Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?

amazingadjectiveUS /əˈmeɪzɪŋ/

surprising greatly

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

AngelsnounUS /ˈeɪndʒəlz/

plural of “angel” — spiritual being attendant upon God

From this reading Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?

architecturenounUS /ˈɑːrkətektʃər/

an architectural product or work

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

artauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading "Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?

attentionnounUS /əˈtenʃən/

the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

attractverbUS /əˈtrækt/

direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Why these sublime representations on a pavement which must be covered with dust?"

BernardnounUS /bərˈnɑːrd/

French physiologist noted for research on secretions of the alimentary canal and the glycogenic function of the liver (1813-1878)

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

candelabras

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?

cathedralnounUS /kəˈθiːdrəl/

any large and important church

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

Cluny

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

costlyadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːstli/

entailing great loss or sacrifice

From this reading "Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading Why these sublime representations on a pavement which must be covered with dust?"

discontentnounUS /dɪskənˈtent/

a longing for something better than the present situation

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

distractverbUS /dɪˈstrækt/

draw someone's attention away from something

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

dustverbUS /dʌst/

remove the dust from

From this reading Why these sublime representations on a pavement which must be covered with dust?"

endlessadjectiveUS /ˈendləs/

tiresomely long; seemingly without end

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

expressingverbUS /ɪkˈspresɪŋ/

-ing form of “express” — give expression to

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

faithfuladjectiveUS /ˈfeɪθfəl/

steadfast in affection or allegiance

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

gazenounUS /ɡeɪz/

a long fixed look

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

heightnounUS /haɪt/

the vertical dimension of extension; distance from the base of something to the top

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

HolynounUS /ˈhoʊli/

a sacred place of pilgrimage

From this reading Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?

honornounUS /ˈɑːnər/

a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction

From this reading Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?

imagesnounUS /ˈɪmədʒəz/

plural of “image” — an iconic mental representation

From this reading Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?

immenseadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmens/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

largestadjectiveUS /ˈlɑːrdʒəst/

superlative of “large” — above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

lengthnounUS /leŋkθ/

the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

magnificentadjectiveUS /mæɡˈnɪfəsənt/

characterized by grandeur

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

marvelverbUS /ˈmɑːrvəl/

be amazed at

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Why these sublime representations on a pavement which must be covered with dust?"

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Why these sublime representations on a pavement which must be covered with dust?"

ornamentsnounUS /ˈɔːrnəmənts/

plural of “ornament” — something used to beautify

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?

paintingsnounUS /ˈpeɪntɪŋz/

plural of “painting” — graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface

From this reading "Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?

pavementnounUS /ˈpeɪvmənt/

the paved surface of a thoroughfare

From this reading Why these sublime representations on a pavement which must be covered with dust?"

PeternounUS /ˈpiːtər/

disciple of Jesus and leader of the Apostles; regarded by Catholics as the vicar of Christ on earth and first Pope

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

preciousadjectiveUS /ˈpreʃəs/

characterized by feeling or showing fond affection for

From this reading "Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?

representationsnounUS /ˌreprəzənˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “representation” — a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image

From this reading Why these sublime representations on a pavement which must be covered with dust?"

resistverbUS /rɪˈzɪst/

elude, especially in a baffling way

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

SaintnounUS /seɪnt/

a person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

SaintsnounUS /seɪnts/

plural of “saint” — a person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization

From this reading Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

spitverbUS /spɪt/

expel or eject (saliva or phlegm or sputum) from the mouth

From this reading Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?

stonesnounUS /stoʊnz/

plural of “stone” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading "Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?

studdedadjectiveUS /ˈstʌdɪd/

dotted or adorned with or as with studs or nailheads; usually used in combination

From this reading "Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?

sublimeadjectiveUS /səˈblaɪm/

inspiring awe

From this reading Why these sublime representations on a pavement which must be covered with dust?"

sumptuousadjectiveUS /ˈsʌmptʃwəs/

ostentatiously rich and superior in quality

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

venerableadjectiveUS /ˈvenərəbəl/

impressive by reason of age

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

walknounUS /wɔːk/

the act of traveling by foot

From this reading Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

WhynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading "Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?

widthnounUS /wɪdθ/

the extent of something from side to side

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading "Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading "Why all these candelabras studded with precious stones, these costly paintings and works of art?

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading The cathedral, which was the largest in the world, was a marvel of Roman architecture, and everything in it so magnificent, that Saint Bernard could not resist expressing his discontent.

wroteverbUS /roʊt/

inflected form of “write” — produce a literary work

From this reading "What use is there of this amazing height, this immense width and endless length, of these sumptuous ornaments, which attract the gaze of the faithful, but distract their attention?" he wrote to Peter, the venerable Abbot of Cluny.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Is it through honor to the Saints that you walk over their images and spit upon those of the Holy Angels?

Chapter 12 of Barbarossa by Conrad von Bolanden holds 417 sentences, grouped into 84 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 12 of Barbarossa contain?

Chapter 12 holds 417 sentences of Barbarossa, unabridged, divided into 84 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 12 of Barbarossa by Conrad von Bolanden exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 417 sentences, grouped into 84 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 12 of Barbarossa?

Work through the 84 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 84 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 12 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 12 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Barbarossa

Common questions about reading Barbarossa by Conrad von Bolanden on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Barbarossa?

Yes. All 6117 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #33487 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Barbarossa is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #33487, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Barbarossa take to read?

About 509 minutes of reading across 1224 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Barbarossa section by section

How to work through Barbarossa section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 15 chapters of Barbarossa to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Barbarossa

Words and structures a reader meets early in Barbarossa, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Century
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Barbarossa; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Entered
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Barbarossa; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
According
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Barbarossa; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Congress
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Barbarossa; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.