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Before Adam
Before Adam

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Before Adam is here in full — 182 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Before Adam
Context Illustration Reading 1/36 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.
It is the vagueness of the time element.
I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.
I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.
Also, I can apply the logic of events to the various happenings.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Before Adam

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Before Adam is here in full — 182 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/36 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.
/ðer ɪz wʌn ˈpʌzəlɪŋ θɪŋ əˈbaʊt ðiːz ˌpriːhɪˈstɔːrɪk ˈmɛm.ə.riz ʌv maɪn/
Line 2
It is the vagueness of the time element.
/ɪt ɪz ðə ˈveɪɡnɪs ʌv ðə taɪm ˈeləmənt/
Line 3
I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.
Line 4
I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.
/aɪ kæn ˈoʊnli ˈrʌfli tel ðə ˈpæsədʒ ʌv taɪm baɪ ˈdʒʌdʒɪŋ ðə ˈtʃeɪndʒəz ɪn ðə əˈpɪrəns ənd pərˈsuːts ʌv maɪ ˈfeloʊz/
Line 5
Also, I can apply the logic of events to the various happenings.
/ˈɔːlsoʊ aɪ kæn əˈplaɪ ðə ˈlɑːdʒɪk ʌv ɪˈvents tuː ðə ˈveriəs ˈhæpənɪŋz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

elapsed adjective US /ɪˈlæpst/

(of time) having passed or slipped by

From this reading “I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.”

happenings noun US /ˈhæpənɪŋz/

plural of “happening” — an event that happens

From this reading “Also, I can apply the logic of events to the various happenings.”

judging noun US /ˈdʒʌdʒɪŋ/

the cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions

From this reading “I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.”

logic noun US /ˈlɑːdʒɪk/

the branch of philosophy that analyzes inference

From this reading “Also, I can apply the logic of events to the various happenings.”

prehistoric adjective US /ˌpriːhɪˈstɔːrɪk/

belonging to or existing in times before recorded history

From this reading “There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.”

pursuits noun US /pərˈsuːts/

plural of “pursuit” — the act of pursuing in an effort to overtake or capture

From this reading “I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.”

puzzling adjective US /ˈpʌzəlɪŋ/

not clear to the understanding

From this reading “There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.”

vagueness noun US /ˈveɪɡnɪs/

unclearness by virtue of being poorly expressed or not coherent in meaning

From this reading “It is the vagueness of the time element.”

All words in this reading · 53

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.

AlsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Also, I can apply the logic of events to the various happenings.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.

appearancenounUS /əˈpɪrəns/

outward or visible aspect of a person or thing

From this reading I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.

applyverbUS /əˈplaɪ/

put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose

From this reading Also, I can apply the logic of events to the various happenings.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

elapsedadjectiveUS /ɪˈlæpst/

(of time) having passed or slipped by

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

elementnounUS /ˈeləmənt/

an abstract part of something

From this reading It is the vagueness of the time element.

eventsnounUS /ɪˈvents/

plural of “event” — something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

fellowsnounUS /ˈfeloʊz/

plural of “fellow” — a boy or man

From this reading I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.

fivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

happeningsnounUS /ˈhæpənɪŋz/

plural of “happening” — an event that happens

From this reading Also, I can apply the logic of events to the various happenings.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is the vagueness of the time element.

judgingnounUS /ˈdʒʌdʒɪŋ/

the cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions

From this reading I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

logicnounUS /ˈlɑːdʒɪk/

the branch of philosophy that analyzes inference

From this reading Also, I can apply the logic of events to the various happenings.

memoriesnounUS /ˈmɛm.ə.riz/

Recollections of past events.

From this reading There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.

minepronounUS /maɪn/

the one or ones belonging to the person speaking

From this reading There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

passagenounUS /ˈpæsədʒ/

the act of passing from one state or place to the next

From this reading I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.

prehistoricadjectiveUS /ˌpriːhɪˈstɔːrɪk/

belonging to or existing in times before recorded history

From this reading There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.

pursuitsnounUS /pərˈsuːts/

plural of “pursuit” — the act of pursuing in an effort to overtake or capture

From this reading I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.

puzzlingadjectiveUS /ˈpʌzəlɪŋ/

not clear to the understanding

From this reading There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.

roughlyadverbUS /ˈrʌfli/

(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct

From this reading I can only roughly tell the passage of time by judging the changes in the appearance and pursuits of my fellows.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

tellverbUS /tel/

express in words

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It is the vagueness of the time element.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading There is one puzzling thing about these prehistoric memories of mine.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading It is the vagueness of the time element.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Also, I can apply the logic of events to the various happenings.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

vaguenessnounUS /ˈveɪɡnɪs/

unclearness by virtue of being poorly expressed or not coherent in meaning

From this reading It is the vagueness of the time element.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading Also, I can apply the logic of events to the various happenings.

whetherconjunctionUS /ˈweðər/

used to introduce two or more possibilities

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading I do not always know the order of events;—or can I tell, between some events, whether one, two, or four or five years have elapsed.

Chapter 4 of Before Adam by Jack London holds 182 sentences, grouped into 37 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Before Adam contain?

Chapter 4 holds 182 sentences of Before Adam, unabridged, divided into 37 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Before Adam by Jack London exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 182 sentences, grouped into 37 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Before Adam?

Work through the 37 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 37 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Before Adam

Common questions about reading Before Adam by Jack London on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Before Adam?

Yes. All 2488 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #310 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Before Adam is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #310, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Before Adam take to read?

About 207 minutes of reading across 498 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Before Adam section by section

How to work through Before Adam section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 18 chapters of Before Adam to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Before Adam

Words and structures a reader meets early in Before Adam, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Pictures
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Before Adam; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Often
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Before Adam; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Learned
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Before Adam; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Wonder
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Before Adam; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.