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Beowulf
Beowulf

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Beowulf is here in full — 130 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/26 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!
Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.
Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!
To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.
Famed was this Beowulf: {0a} far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Beowulf

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Beowulf is here in full — 130 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/26 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!
Line 2
Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.
Line 3
Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!
Line 4
To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.
Line 5
Famed was this Beowulf: {0a} far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Beowulf noun US /ˈbeɪəwʊlf/

the legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem composed in the early 8th century; he slays a monster and becomes king but dies fighting a dragon

From this reading “Famed was this Beowulf: {0a} far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.”

Danes noun US /deɪnz/

plural of “dane” — a native or inhabitant of Denmark

From this reading “LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!”

earls noun US /ɜːrlz/

plural of “earl” — a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading “Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.”

Famed adjective US /feɪmd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading “Famed was this Beowulf: {0a} far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.”

foundling noun US /ˈfaʊndlɪŋ/

a child who has been abandoned and whose parents are unknown

From this reading “Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!”

mandate noun US /ˈmændeɪt/

a document giving an official instruction or command

From this reading “Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!”

prowess noun US /ˈpraʊəs/

a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation

From this reading “LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!”

throve verb US /θroʊv/

inflected form of “thrive” — grow vigorously

From this reading “Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!”

All words in this reading · 102

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

0

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Famed was this Beowulf: {0a} far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

afterwardadverbUS /ˈæftərwərd/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

athelings

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

awingadjective

inspiring awe or admiration or wonder

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

BeowulfnounUS /ˈbeɪəwʊlf/

the legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem composed in the early 8th century; he slays a monster and becomes king but dies fighting a dragon

From this reading Famed was this Beowulf: {0a} far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.

boastverbUS /boʊst/

show off

From this reading Famed was this Beowulf: {0a} far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

DanesnounUS /deɪnz/

plural of “dane” — a native or inhabitant of Denmark

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

earlnounUS /ɜːrl/

a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

earlsnounUS /ɜːrlz/

plural of “earl” — a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

endowedadjectiveUS /enˈdaʊd/

provided or supplied or equipped with (especially as by inheritance or nature)

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

erstadverb

at a previous time

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

FamedadjectiveUS /feɪmd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading Famed was this Beowulf: {0a} far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

fatenounUS /feɪt/

an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

favorverbUS /ˈfeɪvər/

promote over another

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

feelingnounUS /ˈfiːlɪŋ/

the experiencing of affective and emotional states

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

flewverbUS /fluː/

inflected form of “fly” — travel through the air; be airborne

From this reading Famed was this Beowulf: {0a} far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.

foesnounUS /foʊz/

plural of “foe” — an armed adversary (especially a member of an opposing military force)

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

folknounUS /foʊk/

people in general (often used in the plural)

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

foundlingnounUS /ˈfaʊndlɪŋ/

a child who has been abandoned and whose parents are unknown

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

friendlessadjective

excluded from a society

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

gaveverbUS /ɡeɪv/

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

giftsnounUS /ɡɪfts/

plural of “gift” — something acquired without compensation

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

hallsnounUS /hɔːlz/

plural of “hall” — an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

heardadjectiveUS /hɜːrd/

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

heavennounUS /ˈhevən/

any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

heirnounUS /er/

A person legally or magically entitled to the property or rank of another on that person's death.

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

honornounUS /ˈɑːnər/

a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

lackedverbUS /lækt/

past form of “lack” — be without

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

landsnounUS /lændz/

plural of “land” — the land on which real estate is located

From this reading Famed was this Beowulf: {0a} far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

leadernounUS /ˈliːdər/

a person who rules or guides or inspires others

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

LO

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

LordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

mandatenounUS /ˈmændeɪt/

a document giving an official instruction or command

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

mead-bench

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

OftadverbUS /ɔːft/

many times at short intervals

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

people-kings

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

praisenounUS /preɪz/

an expression of approval and commendation

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

prowessnounUS /ˈpraʊəs/

a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

renownnounUS /rɪˈnaʊn/

the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

repaidverbUS /riˈpeɪd/

inflected form of “repay” — pay back

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

Scandian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Famed was this Beowulf: {0a} far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.

Scefing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

Scyld

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

SinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

spear-armed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

spedverbUS /sped/

inflected form of “speed” — move hurridly

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

squadroned

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Famed was this Beowulf: {0a} far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.

throveverbUS /θroʊv/

inflected form of “thrive” — grow vigorously

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

torenounUS /tɔːr/

commonly the lowest molding at the base of a column

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

tribenounUS /traɪb/

a social division of (usually preliterate) people

From this reading Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

waxedadjectiveUS /wækst/

treated with wax

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

wealthnounUS /welθ/

the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

welkinnoun

the apparent surface of the imaginary sphere on which celestial bodies appear to be projected

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

whale-path

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

Wielder

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

woenounUS /woʊ/

misery resulting from affliction

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

wonnounUS /wʌn/

the basic unit of money in South Korea

From this reading LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!

WondernounUS /ˈwʌndər/

the feeling aroused by something strange and surprising

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

world'snounUS /wɜːrldz/

possessive form of “world” — everything that exists anywhere

From this reading To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sent to favor the folk, feeling their woe that erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.

Chapter 1 of Beowulf by Francis Barton [Translator] Gummere holds 130 sentences, grouped into 26 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Beowulf contain?

Chapter 1 holds 130 sentences of Beowulf, unabridged, divided into 26 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Beowulf by Francis Barton [Translator] Gummere exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 130 sentences, grouped into 26 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Beowulf?

Work through the 26 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 26 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Beowulf

Common questions about reading Beowulf by Francis Barton [Translator] Gummere on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Beowulf?

Yes. All 1183 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #981 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Beowulf is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #981, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Beowulf take to read?

About 98 minutes of reading across 237 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Beowulf section by section

How to work through Beowulf section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Beowulf to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Beowulf

Words and structures a reader meets early in Beowulf, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Praise
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Beowulf; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Prowess
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Beowulf; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
People-kings
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Beowulf; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Spear-armed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Beowulf; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.