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Beowulf
Beowulf

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of Beowulf is here in full — 110 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/22 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.
Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!
He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle, from edge of iron.
Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.
Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Beowulf

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of Beowulf is here in full — 110 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/22 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.
Line 2
Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!
Line 3
He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle, from edge of iron.
/hiː wɑːz seɪf baɪ hɪz spelz frʌm sɔːrd ʌv ˈbætəl frʌm edʒ ʌv ˈaɪərn/
Line 4
Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.
Line 5
Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.
/suːn hiː faʊnd huː ɪn ˈfɔːrmər deɪz ˈhɑːrmfəl ɪn hɑːrt ənd ˈheɪtəd ʌv ɡɑːd ɑːn ˈmeni ə mæn sʌtʃ ˈmɜːrdər rɔːt ðæt ðə freɪm ʌv hɪz ˈbɑːdi feɪld hɪm naʊ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aiming verb US /ˈeɪmɪŋ/

-ing form of “aim” — point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards

From this reading “Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!”

Beowulf noun US /ˈbeɪəwʊlf/

the legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem composed in the early 8th century; he slays a monster and becomes king but dies fighting a dragon

From this reading “Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!”

brandished verb US /ˈbrændɪʃt/

past form of “brandish” — move or swing back and forth

From this reading “Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!”

earls noun US /ɜːrlz/

plural of “earl” — a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading “XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.”

fiends noun US /fiːndz/

plural of “fiend” — a cruel wicked and inhuman person

From this reading “Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.”

flit verb US /flɪt/

move along rapidly and lightly; skim or dart

From this reading “Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.”

harmful adjective US /ˈhɑːrmfəl/

causing or capable of causing harm

From this reading “Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.”

keenest adjective US /ˈkiːnəst/

superlative of “keen” — having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions

From this reading “Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!”

All words in this reading · 115

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

12

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

accursedadjectiveUS /ˌæˈkɜːrst/

under a curse

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

aimingverbUS /ˈeɪmɪŋ/

-ing form of “aim” — point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

ancestraladjectiveUS /ænˈsestrəl/

inherited or inheritable by established rules (usually legal rules) of descent

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle, from edge of iron.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

BeowulfnounUS /ˈbeɪəwʊlf/

the legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem composed in the early 8th century; he slays a monster and becomes king but dies fighting a dragon

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

bladenounUS /bleɪd/

especially a leaf of grass or the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

brandishedverbUS /ˈbrændɪʃt/

past form of “brandish” — move or swing back and forth

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle, from edge of iron.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

deeming

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

defencenounUS /dɪˈfens/

(psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

domainnounUS /doʊˈmeɪn/

a particular environment or walk of life

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

earlnounUS /ɜːrl/

a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

earlsnounUS /ɜːrlz/

plural of “earl” — a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

edgenounUS /edʒ/

the boundary of a surface

From this reading He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle, from edge of iron.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

failedverbUS /feɪld/

past form of “fail” — fail to do something; leave something undone

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

fainadjectiveUS /feɪn/

having made preparations

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

falchions

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

farest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

fashionedadjectiveUS /ˈfæʃənd/

planned and made or fashioned artistically

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

fiendnounUS /fiːnd/

a cruel wicked and inhuman person

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

fiendsnounUS /fiːndz/

plural of “fiend” — a cruel wicked and inhuman person

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

flitverbUS /flɪt/

move along rapidly and lightly; skim or dart

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

foenounUS /foʊ/

an armed adversary (especially a member of an opposing military force)

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

frameverbUS /freɪm/

enclose in or as if in a frame

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle, from edge of iron.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

hardy-hearted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

harmnounUS /hɑːrm/

any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture etc.

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

harmfuladjectiveUS /ˈhɑːrmfəl/

causing or capable of causing harm

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

hatedadjectiveUS /ˈheɪtəd/

treated with dislike or contempt

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle, from edge of iron.

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

heroesnounUS /ˈhɪroʊz/

plural of “hero” — a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

hideousadjectiveUS /ˈhɪdiəs/

grossly offensive to decency or morality; causing horror

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

hurtverbUS /hɜːrt/

be the source of pain

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

ironnounUS /ˈaɪərn/

a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood

From this reading He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle, from edge of iron.

keenestadjectiveUS /ˈkiːnəst/

superlative of “keen” — having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

killverbUS /kɪl/

cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

liveverbUS /laɪv/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

lordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

murderverbUS /ˈmɜːrdər/

kill intentionally and with premeditation

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

nearedverbUS /nɪrd/

past form of “near” — move towards

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

NOTadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

partingnounUS /ˈpɑːrtɪŋ/

the act of departing politely

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

praisedverbUS /preɪzd/

past form of “praise” — express approval of

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

princenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

safeadjectiveUS /seɪf/

free from danger or the risk of harm

From this reading He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle, from edge of iron.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

shieldnounUS /ʃiːld/

a protective covering or structure

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

slaughterousadjective

accompanied by bloodshed

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

SoonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

soulnounUS /soʊl/

the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

spellsnounUS /spelz/

plural of “spell” — a psychological state induced by (or as if induced by) a magical incantation

From this reading He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle, from edge of iron.

strangernounUS /ˈstreɪndʒər/

anyone who does not belong in the environment in which they are found

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

sufferverbUS /ˈsʌfər/

undergo or be subjected to

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

swordnounUS /sɔːrd/

a cutting or thrusting weapon that has a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guard

From this reading He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle, from edge of iron.

swordsnounUS /sɔːrdz/

plural of “sword” — a cutting or thrusting weapon that has a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guard

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

theirspronounUS /ðerz/

the one or ones belonging to them

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

uselessadjectiveUS /ˈjuːsləs/

having no beneficial use or incapable of functioning usefully

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

wanderingadjectiveUS /ˈwɑːndərɪŋ/

migratory

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He was safe, by his spells, from sword of battle, from edge of iron.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, fain the life of their lord to shield, their praised prince, if power were theirs; never they knew, -- as they neared the foe, hardy-hearted heroes of war, aiming their swords on every side the accursed to kill, -- no keenest blade, no farest of falchions fashioned on earth, could harm or hurt that hideous fiend!

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

wiseadjectiveUS /waɪz/

having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

woful

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

wroughtadjectiveUS /rɔːt/

shaped to fit by or as if by altering the contours of a pliable mass (as by work or effort)

From this reading Soon he found, who in former days, harmful in heart and hated of God, on many a man such murder wrought, that the frame of his body failed him now.

XIInoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading XII NOT in any wise would the earls'-defence {12a} suffer that slaughterous stranger to live, useless deeming his days and years to men on earth.

YetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Yet his end and parting on that same day of this our life woful should be, and his wandering soul far off flit to the fiends' domain.

Chapter 3 of Beowulf by Francis Barton [Translator] Gummere holds 110 sentences, grouped into 22 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Beowulf contain?

Chapter 3 holds 110 sentences of Beowulf, unabridged, divided into 22 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Beowulf by Francis Barton [Translator] Gummere exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 110 sentences, grouped into 22 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Beowulf?

Work through the 22 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 22 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Beowulf

Common questions about reading Beowulf by Francis Barton [Translator] Gummere on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Beowulf?

Yes. All 1183 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #981 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Beowulf is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #981, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Beowulf take to read?

About 98 minutes of reading across 237 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Beowulf section by section

How to work through Beowulf section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Beowulf to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Beowulf

Words and structures a reader meets early in Beowulf, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Praise
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Beowulf; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Prowess
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Beowulf; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
People-kings
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Beowulf; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Spear-armed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Beowulf; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.