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Beowulf
Beowulf

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Beowulf is here in full — 125 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/25 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.
Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.
Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.
-- Jealousy fled he, Eormenric's hate: chose help eternal.
Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Beowulf

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Beowulf is here in full — 125 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/25 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.
Line 2
Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.
Line 3
Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.
Line 4
-- Jealousy fled he, Eormenric's hate: chose help eternal.
Line 5
Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

booty noun US /ˈbuːti/

goods or money obtained illegally

From this reading “Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.”

burg noun US /bɜːrɡ/

colloquial American term for a town

From this reading “Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.”

collars noun US /ˈkɑːlərz/

plural of “collar” — a band that fits around the neck and is usually folded over

From this reading “Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.”

feud noun US /fjuːd/

a bitter quarrel between two parties

From this reading “Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.”

gem noun US /dʒem/

art highly prized for its beauty or perfection

From this reading “Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.”

raids noun US /reɪdz/

plural of “raid” — a sudden short attack

From this reading “Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.”

warding verb US /ˈwɔːrdɪŋ/

-ing form of “ward” — watch over or shield from danger or harm; protect

From this reading “Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.”

winsome adjective US /ˈwɪnsəm/

charming in a childlike or naive way

From this reading “XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.”

All words in this reading · 85

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.

arm-jewels

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

bannernounUS /ˈbænər/

long strip of cloth or paper used for decoration or advertising

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

bootynounUS /ˈbuːti/

goods or money obtained illegally

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

boreverbUS /bɔːr/

cause to be bored

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

bright-built

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

Brisings

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

burgnounUS /bɜːrɡ/

colloquial American term for a town

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

casketnounUS /ˈkæskət/

box in which a corpse is buried or cremated

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

choseverbUS /tʃoʊz/

inflected form of “choose” — pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives

From this reading -- Jealousy fled he, Eormenric's hate: chose help eternal.

collarsnounUS /ˈkɑːlərz/

plural of “collar” — a band that fits around the neck and is usually folded over

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

corseletnoun

a piece of body armor for the trunk; usually consists of a breastplate and back piece

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

CUPnounUS /kʌp/

a small open container usually used for drinking; usually has a handle

From this reading XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.

dangersnounUS /ˈdeɪndʒərz/

plural of “danger” — the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

daringnounUS /ˈderɪŋ/

a challenge to do something dangerous or foolhardy

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

defendingadjectiveUS /dɪˈfendɪŋ/

attempting to or designed to prevent an opponent from winning or scoring

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

domenounUS /doʊm/

a concave shape whose distinguishing characteristic is that the concavity faces downward

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

Eormenric's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading -- Jealousy fled he, Eormenric's hate: chose help eternal.

eternaladjectiveUS /ɪˈtɜːrnəl/

continuing forever or indefinitely

From this reading -- Jealousy fled he, Eormenric's hate: chose help eternal.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

feudnounUS /fjuːd/

a bitter quarrel between two parties

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

fledverbUS /fled/

inflected form of “flee” — run away quickly

From this reading -- Jealousy fled he, Eormenric's hate: chose help eternal.

Frisians

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

gaveverbUS /ɡeɪv/

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.

Geat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

gemnounUS /dʒem/

art highly prized for its beauty or perfection

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

goldnounUS /ɡoʊld/

coins made of gold

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

grandsonnounUS /ˈɡrændsʌn/

a male grandchild

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

greetingnounUS /ˈɡriːtɪŋ/

(usually plural) an acknowledgment or expression of good will (especially on meeting)

From this reading XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.

Hama

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

hatenounUS /heɪt/

the emotion of intense dislike; a feeling of dislike so strong that it demands action

From this reading -- Jealousy fled he, Eormenric's hate: chose help eternal.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading -- Jealousy fled he, Eormenric's hate: chose help eternal.

heardadjectiveUS /hɜːrd/

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

heaven'snounUS /ˈhevənz/

possessive form of “heaven” — any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

helpverbUS /help/

give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading -- Jealousy fled he, Eormenric's hate: chose help eternal.

heroesnounUS /ˈhɪroʊz/

plural of “hero” — a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

hoard-gem

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

honornounUS /ˈɑːnər/

a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

Hygelac

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

JealousynounUS /ˈdʒeləsi/

a feeling of jealous envy (especially of a rival)

From this reading -- Jealousy fled he, Eormenric's hate: chose help eternal.

jewelnounUS /ˈdʒuːəl/

a precious or semiprecious stone incorporated into a piece of jewelry

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

kindlyadjectiveUS /ˈkaɪndli/

showing or motivated by sympathy and understanding and generosity

From this reading XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

mightyadjectiveUS /ˈmaɪti/

having or showing great strength or force or intensity

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

Ne'eradverbUS /ner/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

neath

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

necklacenounUS /ˈnekləs/

jewelry consisting of a cord or chain (often bearing gems) worn about the neck as an ornament (especially by women)

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

noblestadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊblɪst/

superlative of “noble” — impressive in appearance

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

o'erwhelmed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

OfprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

offeredverbUS /ˈɔːfərd/

past form of “offer” — make available or accessible, provide or furnish

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

raidsnounUS /reɪdz/

plural of “raid” — a sudden short attack

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

ringverbUS /rɪŋ/

sound loudly and sonorously

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

ringsnounUS /rɪŋz/

gymnastic apparatus consisting of a pair of heavy metal circles (usually covered with leather) suspended by ropes; used for gymnastic exercises

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Ne'er heard I so mighty, 'neath heaven's dome, a hoard-gem of heroes, since Hama bore to his bright-built burg the Brisings' necklace, jewel and gem casket.

soughtadjectiveUS /sɔːt/

that is looked for

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

Swerting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

twainnounUS /tweɪn/

two items of the same kind

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

war-spoil

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

wardingverbUS /ˈwɔːrdɪŋ/

-ing form of “ward” — watch over or shield from danger or harm; protect

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

winsomeadjectiveUS /ˈwɪnsəm/

charming in a childlike or naive way

From this reading XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.

wounden

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest that ever I knew the earth around.

Wyrdnoun

fate personified; any one of the three Weird Sisters

From this reading Hygelac Geat, grandson of Swerting, on the last of his raids this ring bore with him, under his banner the booty defending, the war-spoil warding; but Wyrd o'erwhelmed him what time, in his daring, dangers he sought, feud with Frisians.

XVIIInoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of seventeen and one

From this reading XVIII A CUP she gave him, with kindly greeting and winsome words.

Chapter 4 of Beowulf by Francis Barton [Translator] Gummere holds 125 sentences, grouped into 25 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Beowulf contain?

Chapter 4 holds 125 sentences of Beowulf, unabridged, divided into 25 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Beowulf by Francis Barton [Translator] Gummere exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 125 sentences, grouped into 25 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Beowulf?

Work through the 25 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 25 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Beowulf

Common questions about reading Beowulf by Francis Barton [Translator] Gummere on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Beowulf?

Yes. All 1183 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #981 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Beowulf is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #981, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Beowulf take to read?

About 98 minutes of reading across 237 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Beowulf section by section

How to work through Beowulf section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Beowulf to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Beowulf

Words and structures a reader meets early in Beowulf, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Praise
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Beowulf; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Prowess
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Beowulf; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
People-kings
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Beowulf; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Spear-armed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Beowulf; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.