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Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S.
Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S.

Chapter XXXVII

Chapter 37 of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S. is here in full — 81 sentences across 17 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S.
Context Illustration Reading 1/16 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
"THE GREAT STRAFE" THE sight was an unfamiliar one.
Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.
This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.
She was not under her own steam.
Tugs were lashed alongside, a third towing ahead.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S.

Chapter XXXVII

Chapter 37 of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S. is here in full — 81 sentences across 17 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/16 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"THE GREAT STRAFE" THE sight was an unfamiliar one.
/ðə ɡreɪt streɪf ðə saɪt wɑːz æn ˌʌnfəˈmɪljər wʌn/
Line 2
Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.
Line 3
This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.
Line 4
She was not under her own steam.
/ʃiː wɑːz nɑːt ˈʌndər hɜːr oʊn stiːm/
Line 5
Tugs were lashed alongside, a third towing ahead.
/tʌɡz wɜːr læʃt əˈlɔːŋˈsaɪd ə θɜːrd ˈtoʊɪŋ əˈhed/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

armament noun US /ˈɑːrməmənt/

weaponry used by military or naval force

From this reading “This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.”

battleship noun US /ˈbætəlʃɪp/

large and heavily armoured warship

From this reading “Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.”

Deutschland noun US /ˈdɔɪtʃlænd/

a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990

From this reading “This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.”

Kaiser's noun US /ˈkaɪzərz/

possessive form of “kaiser” — the title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918

From this reading “Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.”

strafe verb US /streɪf/

attack with machine guns or cannon fire from a low-flying plane

From this reading “"THE GREAT STRAFE" THE sight was an unfamiliar one.”

towing verb US /ˈtoʊɪŋ/

-ing form of “tow” — drag behind

From this reading “Tugs were lashed alongside, a third towing ahead.”

Tugs noun US /tʌɡz/

plural of “tug” — a sudden abrupt pull

From this reading “Tugs were lashed alongside, a third towing ahead.”

units noun US /ˈjuːnəts/

plural of “unit” — any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange

From this reading “Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

thirteen years noun + noun

In this reading “This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.”

peculiar shape adjective + noun

In this reading “This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.”

All words in this reading · 65

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

11

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

aheadadverbUS /əˈhed/

at or in the front

From this reading Tugs were lashed alongside, a third towing ahead.

alongsideadverbUS /əˈlɔːŋˈsaɪd/

side by side

From this reading Tugs were lashed alongside, a third towing ahead.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading "THE GREAT STRAFE" THE sight was an unfamiliar one.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

armamentnounUS /ˈɑːrməmənt/

weaponry used by military or naval force

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

Barcroft

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

battleshipnounUS /ˈbætəlʃɪp/

large and heavily armoured warship

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

builtadjectiveUS /bɪlt/

(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

carryingverbUS /ˈkæriɪŋ/

-ing form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

ClassnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

DeutschlandnounUS /ˈdɔɪtʃlænd/

a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

firstclass

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

GREATadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading "THE GREAT STRAFE" THE sight was an unfamiliar one.

gunsnounUS /ɡʌnz/

plural of “gun” — a weapon that discharges a missile at high velocity (especially from a metal tube or barrel)

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

inchnounUS /ɪntʃ/

a unit of length equal to one twelfth of a foot

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

Kaiser'snounUS /ˈkaɪzərz/

possessive form of “kaiser” — the title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

lashedverbUS /læʃt/

past form of “lash” — beat severely with a whip or rod

From this reading Tugs were lashed alongside, a third towing ahead.

ManyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

navynounUS /ˈneɪvi/

an organization of military vessels belonging to a country and available for sea warfare

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading She was not under her own steam.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading "THE GREAT STRAFE" THE sight was an unfamiliar one.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading She was not under her own steam.

peculiaradjectiveUS /pəˈkjuːljər/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

previouslyadverbUS /ˈpriːviəsli/

at an earlier time or formerly

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

principalnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

proclaimingverbUS /proʊˈkleɪmɪŋ/

-ing form of “proclaim” — declare formally; declare someone to be something; of titles

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

shapenounUS /ʃeɪp/

any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

ShepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading She was not under her own steam.

sightnounUS /saɪt/

an instance of visual perception

From this reading "THE GREAT STRAFE" THE sight was an unfamiliar one.

smokenounUS /smoʊk/

a cloud of fine particles suspended in a gas

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

stacksnounUS /stæks/

a large number or amount

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

steamverbUS /stiːm/

travel by means of steam power

From this reading She was not under her own steam.

STRAFEverbUS /streɪf/

attack with machine guns or cannon fire from a low-flying plane

From this reading "THE GREAT STRAFE" THE sight was an unfamiliar one.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "THE GREAT STRAFE" THE sight was an unfamiliar one.

thirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading Tugs were lashed alongside, a third towing ahead.

thirteennounUS /ˈθɜːrˈtiːn/

the cardinal number that is the sum of twelve and one

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

three-funnelled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

towingverbUS /ˈtoʊɪŋ/

-ing form of “tow” — drag behind

From this reading Tugs were lashed alongside, a third towing ahead.

TugsnounUS /tʌɡz/

plural of “tug” — a sudden abrupt pull

From this reading Tugs were lashed alongside, a third towing ahead.

two-masted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading She was not under her own steam.

unfamiliaradjectiveUS /ˌʌnfəˈmɪljər/

not known or well known

From this reading "THE GREAT STRAFE" THE sight was an unfamiliar one.

unitsnounUS /ˈjuːnəts/

plural of “unit” — any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange

From this reading Many a' time had Barcroft seen a British battleship from above, but never before one of the firstclass units of the Kaiser's navy.

vesselnounUS /ˈvesəl/

a tube in which a body fluid circulates

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "THE GREAT STRAFE" THE sight was an unfamiliar one.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Tugs were lashed alongside, a third towing ahead.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading This one was a two-masted, three-funnelled vessel, the peculiar shape of the "smoke stacks" proclaiming her to be one of the "Deutschland" Class--built thirteen years previously, and carrying as her principal armament four 11-inch guns.

Chapter 37 of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S. by Percy F. (Percy Francis) Westerman holds 81 sentences, grouped into 17 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 37 of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S. contain?

Chapter 37 holds 81 sentences of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S., unabridged, divided into 17 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 37 of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S. by Percy F. (Percy Francis) Westerman exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 81 sentences, grouped into 17 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 37 of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S.?

Work through the 17 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 17 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 37 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 37 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S.

Common questions about reading Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S. by Percy F. (Percy Francis) Westerman on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S.?

Yes. All 5519 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #35362 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S. is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #35362, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S. take to read?

About 459 minutes of reading across 1104 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S. section by section

How to work through Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S. section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S.

Words and structures a reader meets early in Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S., each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Bells
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S.; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
First
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S.; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Watch
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S.; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Somewhere
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Billy Barcroft, R.N.A.S.; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.