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Billy Budd
Billy Budd

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Billy Budd is here in full — 416 sentences across 84 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Billy Budd
Context Illustration Reading 1/83 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
_This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.
‘Daniel Orme’ is a sketch ‘omitted from _Billy Budd_.’
The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.
This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.
Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Billy Budd

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Billy Budd is here in full — 416 sentences across 84 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/83 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.
Line 2
‘Daniel Orme’ is a sketch ‘omitted from _Billy Budd_.’
Line 3
The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.
Line 4
This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.
Line 5
Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.
/ɪkˈsept fɔːr hɪz ˈletərz ˈdʒɜːrnəlz ənd ðə ˈdʒuːvənəl ˈfræɡmənts frʌm ə ˈraɪtɪŋ desk ðɪs ˈkloʊzɪz ðə kaʊnt ʌv ˈmelvɪl æz ə ˈraɪtər ʌv proʊz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

closes noun US /ˈkloʊzɪz/

plural of “close” — the temporal end; the concluding time

From this reading “Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.”

concludes verb US /kənˈkluːdz/

third-person singular of “conclude” — decide by reasoning; draw or come to a conclusion

From this reading “This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.”

journals noun US /ˈdʒɜːrnəlz/

plural of “journal” — a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations

From this reading “Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.”

juvenile adjective US /ˈdʒuːvənəl/

of or relating to or characteristic of or appropriate for children or young people

From this reading “Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.”

Melville noun US /ˈmelvɪl/

United States writer of novels and short stories (1819-1891)

From this reading “_This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.”

offending adjective US /əˈfendɪŋ/

offending against or breaking a law or rule

From this reading “The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.”

sensibilities noun US /ˌsensɪˈbɪlɪtiz/

plural of “sensibility” — mental responsiveness and awareness

From this reading “The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.”

surviving adjective US /sərˈvaɪvɪŋ/

still in existence

From this reading “This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Writing Desk noun + noun

a portable case containing writing materials and having a writing surface

In this reading “Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.”

all probability adjective + noun

In this reading “This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.”

five months noun + noun counted as “five month”

In this reading “_This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.”

at the age preposition + article + noun counted as “at … age”

In this reading “This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.”

All words in this reading · 89

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

12

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

1854

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

1886

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

1891

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

750

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

BillynounUS /ˈbɪli/

a short stout club used primarily by policemen

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

Budd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

ChurchnounUS /tʃɜːrtʃ/

one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

CitynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

closesnounUS /ˈkloʊzɪz/

plural of “close” — the temporal end; the concluding time

From this reading Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.

concludesverbUS /kənˈkluːdz/

third-person singular of “conclude” — decide by reasoning; draw or come to a conclusion

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

congregationnounUS /ˌkɑːŋɡrəˈɡeɪʃən/

a group of people who adhere to a common faith and habitually attend a given church

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

copiesnounUS /ˈkɑːpiz/

plural of “copy” — a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

countverbUS /kaʊnt/

determine the number or amount of

From this reading Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.

CustomsnounUS /ˈkʌstəmz/

money collected under a tariff

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

DanielnounUS /ˈdænjəl/

(Old Testament) a youth who was taken into the court of Nebuchadnezzar and given divine protection when thrown into a den of lions (6th century BC)

From this reading ‘Daniel Orme’ is a sketch ‘omitted from _Billy Budd_.’

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

DesknounUS /desk/

a piece of furniture with a writing surface and usually drawers or other compartments

From this reading Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.

EditionnounUS /əˈdɪʃən/

the form in which a text (especially a printed book) is published

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

eightadjectiveUS /eɪt/

being one more than seven

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

ExceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.

fearverbUS /fɪr/

be afraid or feel anxious or apprehensive about a possible or probable situation or event

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

finishedadjectiveUS /ˈfɪnɪʃt/

(of materials or goods) brought to the desired final state

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

fivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.

fourthnounUS /fɔːrθ/

following the third position; number four in a countable series

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

FragmentsnounUS /ˈfræɡmənts/

plural of “fragment” — a piece broken off or cut off of something else

From this reading Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading ‘Daniel Orme’ is a sketch ‘omitted from _Billy Budd_.’

GracenounUS /ɡreɪs/

(Christian theology) a state of sanctification by God; the state of one who is under such divine influence

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

InspectornounUS /ˌɪnˈspektər/

a high ranking police officer

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

journalsnounUS /ˈdʒɜːrnəlz/

plural of “journal” — a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations

From this reading Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.

juvenileadjectiveUS /ˈdʒuːvənəl/

of or relating to or characteristic of or appropriate for children or young people

From this reading Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.

lettersnounUS /ˈletərz/

the literary culture

From this reading Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.

limitedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪmətəd/

small in range or scope

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

MagazinenounUS /ˈmæɡəziːn/

a periodic publication containing pictures and stories and articles of interest to those who purchase it or subscribe to it

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

manuscriptnounUS /ˈmæn.jə.skrɪpt/

A book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed or printed.

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

Maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

MelvillenounUS /ˈmelvɪl/

United States writer of novels and short stories (1819-1891)

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

Melville's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

MonthlynounUS /ˈmʌnθli/

a periodical that is published every month (or 12 issues per year)

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

monthsnounUS /mʌnθs/

plural of “month” — one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

novelnounUS /ˈnɑːvəl/

an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

offendingadjectiveUS /əˈfendɪŋ/

offending against or breaking a law or rule

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

omittedverbUS /oʊˈmɪtəd/

inflected form of “omit” — prevent from being included or considered or accepted

From this reading ‘Daniel Orme’ is a sketch ‘omitted from _Billy Budd_.’

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

Orme

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ‘Daniel Orme’ is a sketch ‘omitted from _Billy Budd_.’

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

piecenounUS /piːs/

a separate part of a whole

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

postverbUS /poʊst/

affix in a public place or for public notice

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

probabilitynounUS /ˌprɑːbəˈbɪlətiː/

a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur; a number expressing the ratio of favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

prosenounUS /proʊz/

ordinary writing as distinguished from verse

From this reading Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.

publishedadjectiveUS /ˈpʌblɪʃt/

prepared and printed for distribution and sale

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

Putnam's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

refusedverbUS /rəˈfjuːzd/

past form of “refuse” — show unwillingness towards

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

religiousadjectiveUS /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/

concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

retirementnounUS /riˈtaɪərmənt/

the state of being retired from one's business or occupation

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

sensibilitiesnounUS /ˌsensɪˈbɪlɪtiz/

plural of “sensibility” — mental responsiveness and awareness

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

sixty-sevenadjective

being seven more than sixty

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

sketchnounUS /sketʃ/

preliminary drawing for later elaboration

From this reading ‘Daniel Orme’ is a sketch ‘omitted from _Billy Budd_.’

sketchesnounUS /ˈsketʃəz/

plural of “sketch” — preliminary drawing for later elaboration

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

survivingadjectiveUS /sərˈvaɪvɪŋ/

still in existence

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

TemplesnounUS /ˈtempəlz/

plural of “temple” — place of worship consisting of an edifice for the worship of a deity

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

title-piece

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

TwonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

volumenounUS /ˈvɑːljuːm/

the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object

From this reading _This Edition is limited to 750 copies_ ‘Billy Budd,’ the title-piece of this volume, is a novel finished by Melville five months before his death in 1891, and never before published.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

writernounUS /ˈraɪtər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.

WritingnounUS /ˈraɪtɪŋ/

the act of creating written works

From this reading Except for his letters, journals, and the juvenile ‘Fragments from a Writing Desk,’ this closes the count of Melville as a writer of prose.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading This volume concludes with eight sketches surviving in manuscript, written, in all probability, after Melville’s retirement in 1886, at the age of sixty-seven, from his post as Inspector of Customs in New York City.

YorknounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading The fourth piece--‘The Two Temples’--was on May 12, 1854, refused by _Putnam’s Monthly Magazine_ out of a fear of offending the religious sensibilities of the congregation of Grace Church, New York.

Chapter 1 of Billy Budd by Herman Melville holds 416 sentences, grouped into 84 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Billy Budd contain?

Chapter 1 holds 416 sentences of Billy Budd, unabridged, divided into 84 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Billy Budd by Herman Melville exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 416 sentences, grouped into 84 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Billy Budd?

Work through the 84 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 84 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Billy Budd

Common questions about reading Billy Budd by Herman Melville on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Billy Budd?

Yes. All 5450 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #76513 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Billy Budd is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #76513, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Billy Budd take to read?

About 454 minutes of reading across 1090 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Billy Budd section by section

How to work through Billy Budd section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 13 chapters of Billy Budd to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Billy Budd

Words and structures a reader meets early in Billy Budd, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Edition
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Billy Budd; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Limited
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Billy Budd; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Copies
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Billy Budd; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Billy
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Billy Budd; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.