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Biographia Literaria
Biographia Literaria

Chapter V · Chapter 5

Chapter 5 of Biographia Literaria is here in full — 65 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/13 · 5 lines
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On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.
There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.
The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.
Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.
A still finer distinction was soon established between the voluntary and the spontaneous.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Biographia Literaria

Chapter V · Chapter 5

Chapter 5 of Biographia Literaria is here in full — 65 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/13 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.
Line 2
There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.
/ðer hæv bɪn men ɪn ɔːl ˈeɪdʒəz huː hæv bɪn ˌɪmˈpeld æz baɪ æn ˈɪnstɪŋkt tuː prəˈpoʊz ðer oʊn ˈneɪtʃər æz ə ˈprɑːbləm ənd huː dɪˈvoʊt ðer əˈtempts tuː ɪts səˈluːʃən/
Line 3
The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.
/ðə fɜːrst step wɑːz tuː kənˈstrʌkt ə ˈteɪbəl ʌv dɪˈstɪŋkʃənz wɪtʃ ðeɪ siːm tuː hæv fɔːrmd ɑːn ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl ʌv ðə ˈæbsəns ɔːr ˈprezəns ʌv ðə wɪl/
Line 4
Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.
Line 5
A still finer distinction was soon established between the voluntary and the spontaneous.
/ə stɪl ˈfaɪnər dɪˈstɪŋkʃən wɑːz suːn ɪˈstæblɪʃt bɪˈtwiːn ðə ˈvɑːlənteri ənd ðə spɑːnˈteɪniəs/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Aristotle noun US /ˈerəstɑːtəl/

one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC)

From this reading “On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.”

classed verb US /klæst/

past form of “class” — arrange or order by classes or categories

From this reading “Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.”

construct verb US /kənˈstrʌkt/

make by combining materials and parts

From this reading “The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.”

distinctions noun US /dɪˈstɪŋkʃənz/

plural of “distinction” — a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes

From this reading “The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.”

Hartley noun US /ˈhɑːrtli/

English philosopher who introduced the theory of the association of ideas (1705-1757)

From this reading “On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.”

media noun US /ˈmiːdiə/

plural of “medium” — a means or instrumentality for storing or communicating information

From this reading “Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.”

perceptions noun US /pərˈsepʃənz/

plural of “perception” — the representation of what is perceived; basic component in the formation of a concept

From this reading “Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.”

spontaneous adjective US /spɑːnˈteɪniəs/

happening or arising without apparent external cause

From this reading “A still finer distinction was soon established between the voluntary and the spontaneous.”

All words in this reading · 70

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

absencenounUS /ˈæbsəns/

the state of being absent

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

activeadjectiveUS /ˈæktɪv/

tending to become more severe or wider in scope

From this reading Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.

agesnounUS /ˈeɪdʒəz/

plural of “age” — how long something has existed

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

AristotlenounUS /ˈerəstɑːtəl/

one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC)

From this reading On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

AssociationnounUS /əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃən/

a formal organization of people or groups of people

From this reading On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.

attemptsnounUS /əˈtempts/

plural of “attempt” — earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading A still finer distinction was soon established between the voluntary and the spontaneous.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

classedverbUS /klæst/

past form of “class” — arrange or order by classes or categories

From this reading Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.

constructverbUS /kənˈstrʌkt/

make by combining materials and parts

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

devoteverbUS /dɪˈvoʊt/

give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

distinctionnounUS /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/

a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes

From this reading A still finer distinction was soon established between the voluntary and the spontaneous.

distinctionsnounUS /dɪˈstɪŋkʃənz/

plural of “distinction” — a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

establishedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading A still finer distinction was soon established between the voluntary and the spontaneous.

fineradjectiveUS /ˈfaɪnər/

(comparative of “fine”) greater in quality or excellence

From this reading A still finer distinction was soon established between the voluntary and the spontaneous.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.

HartleynounUS /ˈhɑːrtli/

English philosopher who introduced the theory of the association of ideas (1705-1757)

From this reading On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.

impelledadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpeld/

urged or forced to action through moral pressure

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

instinctnounUS /ˈɪnstɪŋkt/

inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

ItsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.

medianounUS /ˈmiːdiə/

plural of “medium” — a means or instrumentality for storing or communicating information

From this reading Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

movementsnounUS /ˈmuːvmənts/

plural of “movement” — a change of position that does not entail a change of location

From this reading Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

partaking

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.

passiveadjectiveUS /ˈpæsɪv/

lacking in energy or will

From this reading Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.

perceptionsnounUS /pərˈsepʃənz/

plural of “perception” — the representation of what is perceived; basic component in the formation of a concept

From this reading Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.

presencenounUS /ˈprezəns/

the state of being present; current existence

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

principlenounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

problemnounUS /ˈprɑːbləm/

a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

proposeverbUS /prəˈpoʊz/

make a proposal, declare a plan for something

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

sensationsnounUS /senˈseɪʃənz/

plural of “sensation” — an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation

From this reading Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.

solutionnounUS /səˈluːʃən/

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading A still finer distinction was soon established between the voluntary and the spontaneous.

spontaneousadjectiveUS /spɑːnˈteɪniəs/

happening or arising without apparent external cause

From this reading A still finer distinction was soon established between the voluntary and the spontaneous.

stepnounUS /step/

any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading A still finer distinction was soon established between the voluntary and the spontaneous.

tablenounUS /ˈteɪbəl/

a set of data arranged in rows and columns

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.

tracedverbUS /treɪst/

past form of “trace” — follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something

From this reading On the law of Association--Its history traced from Aristotle to Hartley.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.

voluntaryadjectiveUS /ˈvɑːlənteri/

of your own free will or design; done by choice; not forced or compelled

From this reading A still finer distinction was soon established between the voluntary and the spontaneous.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Our various sensations, perceptions, and movements were classed as active or passive, or as media partaking of both.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading There have been men in all ages, who have been impelled as by an instinct to propose their own nature as a problem, and who devote their attempts to its solution.

Willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading The first step was to construct a table of distinctions, which they seem to have formed on the principle of the absence or presence of the Will.

Chapter 5 of Biographia Literaria by Samuel Taylor Coleridge holds 65 sentences, grouped into 13 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 5 of Biographia Literaria contain?

Chapter 5 holds 65 sentences of Biographia Literaria, unabridged, divided into 13 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 5 of Biographia Literaria by Samuel Taylor Coleridge exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 65 sentences, grouped into 13 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 5 of Biographia Literaria?

Work through the 13 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 13 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 5 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 5 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Biographia Literaria

Common questions about reading Biographia Literaria by Samuel Taylor Coleridge on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Biographia Literaria?

Yes. All 4132 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6081 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Biographia Literaria is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #6081, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Biographia Literaria take to read?

About 344 minutes of reading across 827 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Biographia Literaria section by section

How to work through Biographia Literaria section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Biographia Literaria

Words and structures a reader meets early in Biographia Literaria, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Motives
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Biographia Literaria; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Present
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Biographia Literaria; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Work--reception
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Biographia Literaria; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Biographia Literaria; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.