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Birch Bark Legends of Niagara
Birch Bark Legends of Niagara

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara is here in full — 393 sentences across 79 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/78 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:
GOV.
CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.
While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"
WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Birch Bark Legends of Niagara

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara is here in full — 393 sentences across 79 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/78 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:
Line 2
GOV.
Line 3
CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.
Line 4
While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"
/waɪl ˈraɪtərz hæv ˈtruːθfəli dɪˈskraɪbd ðer diːdz ʌv ˈkruːltiz waɪ nɑːt ˈɔːlsoʊ kwoʊt ðer diːdz ʌv ˈkaɪndnəs ðer ˌɪnˈteɡrəti ˌhɑːspəˈtæləti lʌv ʌv truːθ ənd əˈbʌv ɔːl ənˈbroʊkən fəˈdeləti/
Line 5
WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.
/ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˈɜːrvɪŋ sez ðə ˈkɜːrənt əˈpɪnjən ʌv ˈɪndiən ˈkerɪktər ɪz tuː æpt tuː biː fɔːrmd frʌm ðə dɪˈdʒenərət ˈbiːɪŋz kərˈʌptɪd ənd enˈfiːbəld baɪ ðə vaɪs ʌv səˈsaɪəti wɪˈθaʊt ˈbiːɪŋ ˈbenəfɪtɪd baɪ ɪts ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Adorns verb US /əˈdɔːrnz/

third-person singular of “adorn” — make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.

From this reading “A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:”

benefitted verb US /ˈbenəfɪtɪd/

inflected form of “benefit” — derive a benefit from

From this reading “WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.”

citations noun US /saɪˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “citation” — an official award (as for bravery or service) usually given as formal public statement

From this reading “A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:”

clinton noun US /ˈklɪntən/

wife of President Clinton and later a woman member of the United States Senate (1947-)

From this reading “CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.”

confederacy noun US /kənˈfedərəsi/

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861

From this reading “CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.”

cruelties noun US /ˈkruːltiz/

plural of “cruelty” — a cruel act; a deliberate infliction of pain and suffering

From this reading “While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"”

enfeebled verb US /enˈfiːbəld/

past form of “enfeeble” — make weak

From this reading “WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.”

legislation noun US /ˌledʒəˈsleɪʃən/

law enacted by a legislative body

From this reading “CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.”

All words in this reading · 113

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

AdornsverbUS /əˈdɔːrnz/

third-person singular of “adorn” — make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

advancedadjectiveUS /ədˈvænst/

farther along in physical or mental development

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

aptadjectiveUS /æpt/

(usually followed by “to”) naturally disposed toward

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

authoritiesnounUS /əˈθɔːrətiz/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

beingsnounUS /ˈbiːɪŋz/

plural of “being” — the state or fact of existing

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

benefittedverbUS /ˈbenəfɪtɪd/

inflected form of “benefit” — derive a benefit from

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

BrilliantlyadverbUS /ˈbrɪljəntli/

with brightness

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

citationsnounUS /saɪˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “citation” — an official award (as for bravery or service) usually given as formal public statement

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

civilizationnounUS /ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

CLINTONnounUS /ˈklɪntən/

wife of President Clinton and later a woman member of the United States Senate (1947-)

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

confederacynounUS /kənˈfedərəsi/

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

corruptedadjectiveUS /kərˈʌptɪd/

containing errors or alterations

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

crueltiesnounUS /ˈkruːltiz/

plural of “cruelty” — a cruel act; a deliberate infliction of pain and suffering

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

currentnounUS /ˈkɜːrənt/

a flow of electricity through a conductor

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

deedsnounUS /diːdz/

performance of moral or religious acts

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

degeneratenounUS /dɪˈdʒenərət/

a person whose behavior deviates from what is acceptable especially in sexual behavior

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

deliveredverbUS /dɪˈlɪvərd/

past form of “deliver” — deliver (a speech, oration, or idea)

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

describedadjectiveUS /dɪˈskraɪbd/

represented in words especially with sharpness and detail

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

discoursenounUS /ˈdɪskɔːrs/

extended verbal expression in speech or writing

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

enfeebledverbUS /enˈfiːbəld/

past form of “enfeeble” — make weak

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

FallsnounUS /fɔːlz/

the petals or sepals of a flower that bend downward (especially the outer perianth of an iris)

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

fartheradjectiveUS /ˈfɑːrðər/

more distant in especially space or time

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

fidelitynounUS /fəˈdeləti/

accuracy with which an electronic system reproduces the sound or image of its input signal

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

GOV

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading GOV.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

HistoricaladjectiveUS /hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl/

of or relating to the study of history

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

hospitalitynounUS /ˌhɑːspəˈtæləti/

kindness in welcoming guests or strangers

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

impressedadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈprest/

deeply or markedly affected or influenced

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

IndianadjectiveUS /ˈɪndiən/

of or relating to or characteristic of India or the East Indies or their peoples or languages or cultures

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

IndiansnounUS /ˈɪndiənz/

plural of “indian” — a native or inhabitant of India

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

inhabitedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈhæbətəd/

having inhabitants; lived in

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

injusticenounUS /ˌɪnˈdʒʌstɪs/

an unjust act

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

integritynounUS /ˌɪnˈteɡrəti/

an undivided or unbroken completeness or totality with nothing wanting

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

introduceverbUS /ˌɪntrəˈduːs/

cause to come to know personally

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

IroquoisnounUS /ˈɪrəkwɔɪ/

any member of the warlike North American Indian peoples formerly living in New York State; the Iroquois League were allies of the British during the American Revolution

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

IRVINGnounUS /ˈɜːrvɪŋ/

United States writer remembered for his stories (1783-1859)

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

kindnessnounUS /ˈkaɪndnəs/

the quality of being warmhearted and considerate and humane and sympathetic

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

legislationnounUS /ˌledʒəˈsleɪʃən/

law enacted by a legislative body

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

LUNAR-BOW

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

MoonlightnounUS /ˈmuːnlaɪt/

the light of the Moon

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

MydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

NiagaranounUS /naɪˈæɡrə/

waterfall in Canada is the Horseshoe Falls; in the United States it is the American Falls

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

occupationnounUS /ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃən/

the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

opinionnounUS /əˈpɪnjən/

a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

peculiaradjectiveUS /pəˈkjuːljər/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

piecenounUS /piːs/

a separate part of a whole

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

populousadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːpjələs/

densely populated

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

prefacenounUS /ˈprefəs/

a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

PreviousadjectiveUS /ˈpriːviəs/

just preceding something else in time or order

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

progenitors

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

quoteverbUS /kwoʊt/

repeat a passage from

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

racenounUS /reɪs/

any competition

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

readersnounUS /ˈriːdərz/

plural of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

reliableadjectiveUS /rɪˈlaɪəbəl/

worthy of reliance or trust

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

remarkableadjectiveUS /rɪˈmɑːrkəbəl/

unusual or striking

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

saysnounUS /sez/

plural of “say” — the chance to speak

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

SocietynounUS /səˈsaɪəti/

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

STORYnounUS /ˈstɔːri/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

truthnounUS /truːθ/

a fact that has been verified

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

truthfullyadverbUS /ˈtruːθfəli/

with truth

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

unbrokenadjectiveUS /ənˈbroʊkən/

marked by continuous or uninterrupted extension in space or time or sequence

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

vicenounUS /vaɪs/

moral weakness

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

WASHINGTONnounUS /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən/

the capital of the United States in the District of Columbia and a tourist mecca; George Washington commissioned Charles L'Enfant to lay out the city in 1791

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

WhichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

WhileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

whynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading WASHINGTON IRVING says: "The current opinion of Indian character is too apt to be formed from the degenerate beings, corrupted and enfeebled by the vice of society, without being benefitted by its civilization.

writeverbUS /raɪt/

produce a literary work

From this reading A STORY OF THE LUNAR-BOW; (Which Brilliantly Adorns Niagara Falls by Moonlight), My preface will be a few citations from reliable authorities to introduce to my readers the people of whom I write:

writersnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading While writers have truthfully described their deeds of cruelties, why not also quote their deeds of kindness, their integrity, hospitality, love of truth, and, above all, unbroken fidelity?"

YorknounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading CLINTON, in a discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, says: "Previous to the occupation of this country by the progenitors of the present race of Indians, it was inhabited by a race of men much more populous and much farther advanced in civilization; that the confederacy of the Iroquois is a remarkable and peculiar piece of legislation; that the more we study the Indian history the more we will be impressed with the injustice done them.

Chapter 1 of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara by Owahyah holds 393 sentences, grouped into 79 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara contain?

Chapter 1 holds 393 sentences of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara, unabridged, divided into 79 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara by Owahyah exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 393 sentences, grouped into 79 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara?

Work through the 79 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 79 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Birch Bark Legends of Niagara

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Is this the complete text of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara?

Yes. All 393 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #7783 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #7783, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Birch Bark Legends of Niagara take to read?

About 32 minutes of reading across 79 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Birch Bark Legends of Niagara

Words and structures a reader meets early in Birch Bark Legends of Niagara, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Story
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lunar-bow
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Brilliantly
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Adorns
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Birch Bark Legends of Niagara; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.