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Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird
Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird is here in full — 396 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird
Context Illustration Reading 1/79 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.
Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.
He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.
If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.
Who has seen the partridge drum?
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird is here in full — 396 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/79 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.
/hɪz drʌm ɪz wʌn ʌv ðə moʊst ˈwelkəm ənd ˈbjuːtəfəl saʊndz ʌv sprɪŋ/
Line 2
Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.
/ˈskersli hæv ðə triːz ɪkˈspændəd ðer bʌdz wen ɪn ðə stɪl ˈeɪprəl ˈmɔːrnɪŋz ɔːr təˈwɔːrd ˈnaɪtfɔːl juː hiːr ðə hʌm ʌv hɪz dɪˈvoʊtɪd wɪŋz/
Line 3
He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.
Line 4
If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.
Line 5
Who has seen the partridge drum?
/huː hæz siːn ðə ˈpɑːrtrədʒ drʌm/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

buds noun US /bʌdz/

plural of “bud” — a partially opened flower

From this reading “Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.”

crumbling verb US /ˈkrʌmbəlɪŋ/

-ing form of “crumble” — fall apart

From this reading “He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.”

decayed adjective US /dəˈkeɪd/

damaged by decay; hence unsound and useless

From this reading “He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.”

expanded adjective US /ɪkˈspændəd/

increased in extent or size or bulk or scope

From this reading “Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.”

partridge noun US /ˈpɑːrtrədʒ/

flesh of either quail or grouse

From this reading “Who has seen the partridge drum?”

predict verb US /prɪˈdɪkt/

make a prediction about; tell in advance

From this reading “He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.”

resonant adjective US /ˈrezənənt/

characterized by resonance

From this reading “If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.”

selects verb US /səˈlekts/

third-person singular of “select” — pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives

From this reading “He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.”

All words in this reading · 76

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

altarnounUS /ˈɔːltər/

the table in Christian churches where communion is given

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.

AprilnounUS /ˈeɪprəl/

the month following March and preceding May

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

beautifuladjectiveUS /ˈbjuːtəfəl/

delighting the senses or exciting intellectual or emotional admiration

From this reading His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.

becomesverbUS /bɪˈkʌmz/

third-person singular of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

blendedadjectiveUS /ˈblendɪd/

combined or mixed together so that the constituent parts are indistinguishable

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

blowsnounUS /bloʊz/

plural of “blow” — a powerful stroke with the fist or a weapon

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

budsnounUS /bʌdz/

plural of “bud” — a partially opened flower

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

cannot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

crumblingverbUS /ˈkrʌmbəlɪŋ/

-ing form of “crumble” — fall apart

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

decayedadjectiveUS /dəˈkeɪd/

damaged by decay; hence unsound and useless

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

devotedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvoʊtɪd/

zealous in devotion or affection

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

drumnounUS /drʌm/

a musical percussion instrument; usually consists of a hollow cylinder with a membrane stretched across each end

From this reading His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.

dryadjectiveUS /draɪ/

free from liquid or moisture; lacking natural or normal moisture or depleted of water; or no longer wet

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

expandedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspændəd/

increased in extent or size or bulk or scope

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

ferventadjectiveUS /ˈfɜːrvənt/

characterized by intense emotion

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Who has seen the partridge drum?

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

hearverbUS /hiːr/

perceive (sound) via the auditory sense

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

HisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.

humverbUS /hʌm/

sing with closed lips

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.

logverbUS /lɔːɡ/

enter into a log, as on ships and planes

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

morningsnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋz/

plural of “morning” — the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.

nightfallnounUS /ˈnaɪtfɔːl/

the time of day immediately following sunset

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

oak-logs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

partlyadverbUS /ˈpɑːrtli/

to some extent; in some degree; not wholly

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

partridgenounUS /ˈpɑːrtrədʒ/

flesh of either quail or grouse

From this reading Who has seen the partridge drum?

predictverbUS /prɪˈdɪkt/

make a prediction about; tell in advance

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

preferencenounUS /ˈprefərəns/

a strong liking

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

resinousadjective

having the characteristics of pitch or tar

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

resonantadjectiveUS /ˈrezənənt/

characterized by resonance

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

rocknounUS /rɑːk/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

ScarcelyadverbUS /ˈskersli/

only a very short time before

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

seemingadjectiveUS /ˈsiːmɪŋ/

appearing as such but not necessarily so

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Who has seen the partridge drum?

selectsverbUS /səˈlekts/

third-person singular of “select” — pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

setsnounUS /sets/

plural of “set” — a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

soilnounUS /sɔɪl/

the state of being covered with unclean things

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

soundsnounUS /saʊndz/

plural of “sound” — the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause

From this reading His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.

springnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

tasteverbUS /teɪst/

To perceive flavor through the mouth.

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

towardprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrd/

in the direction of

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

welcomeverbUS /ˈwelkəm/

accept gladly

From this reading His drum is one of the most welcome and beautiful sounds of spring.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading If a log to his taste cannot be found, he sets up his altar on a rock, which becomes resonant beneath his fervent blows.

WhopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Who has seen the partridge drum?

wingsnounUS /wɪŋz/

a means of flight or ascent

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading He selects, not, as you would predict, a dry and resinous log, but a decayed and crumbling one, seeming to give the preference to old oak-logs that are partly blended with the soil.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Scarcely have the trees expanded their buds, when, in the still April mornings, or toward nightfall, you hear the hum of his devoted wings.

Chapter 4 of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird by John Burroughs holds 396 sentences, grouped into 80 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird contain?

Chapter 4 holds 396 sentences of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird, unabridged, divided into 80 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird by John Burroughs exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 396 sentences, grouped into 80 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird?

Work through the 80 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 80 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird

Common questions about reading Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird by John Burroughs on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird?

Yes. All 1629 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #26046 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #26046, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird take to read?

About 135 minutes of reading across 326 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird section by section

How to work through Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 4 chapters of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird

Words and structures a reader meets early in Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Hyphenation
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Standardised
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Minor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Typographical
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Bird Stories from Burroughs Sketches of Bird; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.