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Books and Characters, French & English
Books and Characters, French & English

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Books and Characters, French & English is here in full — 414 sentences across 83 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/82 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.
In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.
For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.
Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.
Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Books and Characters, French & English

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Books and Characters, French & English is here in full — 414 sentences across 83 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/82 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.
Line 2
In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.
/ɪn ðə ˈlætər jɪr ˌɪnˈdiːd ˈʃeɪkspiːrz ɪnˈtaɪər ˈmeθəd ˌʌndərˈwent æn əˈstɑːnɪʃɪŋ tʃeɪndʒ/
Line 3
For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.
Line 4
Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.
/ˈevəri wʌn ʌv hɪz ˈmæstərpiːsəz hæz fɔːr ɪts θiːm ðə ˈækʃən ʌv ˈtrædʒɪk ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃən əˈpɑːn ˈkerɪktər ənd wɪˈθaʊt ðoʊz stuːˈpendəs kriˈeɪʃənz ɪn ˈkerɪktər hɪz ˈɡreɪtəst ˈtrædʒədiz wʊd ˈɑːbviəsli hæv lɔːst ðə prɪˈsaɪs θɪŋ ðæt hæz meɪd ðem wʌt ðeɪ ɑːr/
Line 5
Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.
/jet ˈæftər ˈæntəni ənd ˌkliːəˈpætrə ˈʃeɪkspiːr dɪˈlɪbərətli tɜːrnd hɪz bæk əˈpɑːn ðə drəˈmætɪk ˈmeθədz ʌv ɔːl hɪz pæst kərˈɪr/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

beginnings noun US /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋz/

plural of “beginning” — the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading “One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.”

creations noun US /kriˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “creation” — the human act of creating

From this reading “Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.”

masterpieces noun US /ˈmæstərpiːsəz/

plural of “masterpiece” — the most outstanding work of a creative artist or craftsman

From this reading “Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.”

persistently adverb US /pərˈsɪstəntli/

in a persistent manner

From this reading “For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.”

Shakespeare's noun US /ˈʃeɪkspiːrz/

possessive form of “shakespeare” — English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

From this reading “In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.”

stupendous adjective US /stuːˈpendəs/

so great in size or force or extent as to elicit awe

From this reading “Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.”

tragedies noun US /ˈtrædʒədiz/

plural of “tragedy” — an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading “One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.”

underwent verb US /ˌʌndərˈwent/

inflected form of “undergo” — pass through

From this reading “In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.”

All words in this reading · 115

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1601

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

1608

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

actionnounUS /ˈækʃən/

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

AntonynounUS /ˈæntəni/

Roman general under Julius Caesar in the Gallic wars; repudiated his wife for the Egyptian queen Cleopatra; they were defeated by Octavian at Actium (83-30 BC)

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

astonishingadjectiveUS /əˈstɑːnɪʃɪŋ/

surprising greatly

From this reading In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

beginningsnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋz/

plural of “beginning” — the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

careernounUS /kərˈɪr/

the particular occupation for which you are trained

From this reading Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.

changeverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

clearverbUS /klɪr/

rid of obstructions

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

CleopatranounUS /ˌkliːəˈpætrə/

beautiful and charismatic queen of Egypt; mistress of Julius Caesar and later of Mark Antony; killed herself to avoid capture by Octavian (69-30 BC)

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

completeverbUS /kəmˈpliːt/

come or bring to a finish or an end

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

creationsnounUS /kriˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “creation” — the human act of creating

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

curiouslyadverbUS /ˈkjʊriəsli/

in a manner differing from the usual or expected

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

datenounUS /deɪt/

the specified day of the month

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

degreenounUS /dɪˈɡriː/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

deliberatelyadverbUS /dɪˈlɪbərətli/

with intention; in an intentional manner

From this reading Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

dramaticadjectiveUS /drəˈmætɪk/

suitable to or characteristic of drama

From this reading Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.

endedadjectiveUS /ˈendəd/

having come or been brought to a conclusion

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

entireadjectiveUS /ɪnˈtaɪər/

constituting the full quantity or extent; complete

From this reading In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.

EverydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

excellencenounUS /ˈeksələns/

the quality of excelling; possessing good qualities in high degree

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

finaladjectiveUS /ˈfaɪnəl/

occurring at or forming an end or termination

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

fragmentnounUS /ˈfræɡ.mənt/

A small part broken or separated off something larger.

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

greatestadjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtəst/

highest in quality

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

HamletnounUS /ˈhæmlət/

a community of people smaller than a village

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

highestadjectiveUS /ˈhaɪəst/

superlative of “high” — greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

immediatelyadverbUS /ˌɪˈmiːdiːətli/

without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.

inventedverbUS /ˌɪnˈventəd/

past form of “invent” — come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

latteradjectiveUS /ˈlætər/

referring to the second of two things or persons mentioned (or the last one or ones of several)

From this reading In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

masterpiecesnounUS /ˈmæstərpiːsəz/

plural of “masterpiece” — the most outstanding work of a creative artist or craftsman

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

methodnounUS /ˈmeθəd/

a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

methodsnounUS /ˈmeθədz/

plural of “method” — a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)

From this reading Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

obviouslyadverbUS /ˈɑːbviəsli/

unmistakably (“plain” is often used informally for “plainly”)

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

occupiedadjectiveUS /ˈɑːkjəpaɪd/

held or filled or in use

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

persistentlyadverbUS /pərˈsɪstəntli/

in a persistent manner

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

playverbUS /pleɪ/

participate in games or sport

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

playsnounUS /pleɪz/

plural of “play” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

precedingadjectiveUS /priˈsiːdɪŋ/

existing or coming before

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

preciseadjectiveUS /prɪˈsaɪs/

sharply exact or accurate or delimited

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

resembleverbUS /rɪˈzembəl/

appear like; be similar or bear a likeness to

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

seriesnounUS /ˈsɪriz/

similar things placed in order or happening one after another

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

ShakespearenounUS /ˈʃeɪkspiːr/

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

From this reading Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.

Shakespeare'snounUS /ˈʃeɪkspiːrz/

possessive form of “shakespeare” — English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

From this reading In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.

showverbUS /ʃoʊ/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

situationnounUS /ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃən/

the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

sixnounUS /sɪks/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

stupendousadjectiveUS /stuːˈpendəs/

so great in size or force or extent as to elicit awe

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

succeedverbUS /səkˈsiːd/

attain success or reach a desired goal

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

themenounUS /θiːm/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

tracesnounUS /ˈtreɪsəz/

plural of “trace” — a just detectable amount

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

tragediesnounUS /ˈtrædʒədiz/

plural of “tragedy” — an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

tragedynounUS /ˈtrædʒədi/

an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

tragicadjectiveUS /ˈtrædʒɪk/

very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

turnedadjectiveUS /tɜːrnd/

moved around an axis or center

From this reading Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.

underwentverbUS /ˌʌndərˈwent/

inflected form of “undergo” — pass through

From this reading In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading One other complete play, however, and one other fragment, do resemble in some degree these works of the final period; for, immediately preceding them in date, they show clear traces of the beginnings of the new method, and they are themselves curiously different from the plays they immediately succeed--that great series of tragedies which began with _Hamlet_ in 1601 and ended in 1608 with _Antony and Cleopatra_.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Every one of his masterpieces has for its theme the action of tragic situation upon character; and, without those stupendous creations in character, his greatest tragedies would obviously have lost the precise thing that has made them what they are.

writingnounUS /ˈraɪtɪŋ/

the act of creating written works

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading In the latter year, indeed, Shakespeare's entire method underwent an astonishing change.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading For six years he had been persistently occupied with a kind of writing which he had himself not only invented but brought to the highest point of excellence--the tragedy of character.

YetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Yet, after _Antony and Cleopatra_ Shakespeare deliberately turned his back upon the dramatic methods of all his past career.

Chapter 2 of Books and Characters, French & English by Lytton Strachey holds 414 sentences, grouped into 83 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Books and Characters, French & English contain?

Chapter 2 holds 414 sentences of Books and Characters, French & English, unabridged, divided into 83 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Books and Characters, French & English by Lytton Strachey exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 414 sentences, grouped into 83 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Books and Characters, French & English?

Work through the 83 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 83 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Books and Characters, French & English

Common questions about reading Books and Characters, French & English by Lytton Strachey on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Books and Characters, French & English?

Yes. All 2926 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12478 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Books and Characters, French & English is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12478, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Books and Characters, French & English take to read?

About 243 minutes of reading across 586 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Books and Characters, French & English section by section

How to work through Books and Characters, French & English section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in Books and Characters, French & English

Words and structures a reader meets early in Books and Characters, French & English, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Ingres
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Books and Characters, French & English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Painted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Books and Characters, French & English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Apotheosis
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Books and Characters, French & English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Homer
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Books and Characters, French & English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.