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Books and Characters, French & English
Books and Characters, French & English

Chapter V · Chapter 5

Chapter 5 of Books and Characters, French & English is here in full — 427 sentences across 86 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/85 · 5 lines
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In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.
The elements of the situation were too combustible for any other conclusion.
When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.
For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.
And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
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/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Books and Characters, French & English

Chapter V · Chapter 5

Chapter 5 of Books and Characters, French & English is here in full — 427 sentences across 86 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/85 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.
Line 2
The elements of the situation were too combustible for any other conclusion.
Line 3
When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.
Line 4
For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.
Line 5
And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.
/ənd wɪð voʊlˈter ənd ˈfredrɪk ðə ˈdɪfəkəltiz ɪnˈhɪrənt ɪn ɔːl sʌtʃ ˈkeɪsəz wɜːr ɪnˈtensəfaɪd baɪ ðə fækt ðæt ðə riˈleɪʃənʃɪp bɪˈtwiːn ðem wɑːz ɪn ɪˈfekt ðæt ʌv ˈsɜːrvənt ənd ˈmæstər ðæt voʊlˈter ˈʌndər ə ˈveri θɪn dɪsˈɡaɪz wɑːz ə peɪd ˈmiːniəl waɪl ˈfredrɪk ˌkɑːndɪˈsend æz hiː maɪt wɑːz æn ˈɔːtəkræt huːz wɪl wɑːz lɔː/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

autocrat noun US /ˈɔːtəkræt/

a cruel and oppressive dictator

From this reading “And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.”

condescend verb US /ˌkɑːndɪˈsend/

behave in a patronizing and condescending manner

From this reading “And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.”

impartial adjective US /ˌɪmˈpɑːrʃəl/

showing lack of favoritism

From this reading “In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.”

inherent adjective US /ɪnˈhɪrənt/

existing as an essential constituent or characteristic

From this reading “And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.”

intensified adjective US /ɪnˈtensəfaɪd/

made more intense

From this reading “And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.”

menial adjective US /ˈmiːniəl/

used of unskilled work (especially domestic work)

From this reading “And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.”

tolerate verb US /ˈtɑːləreɪt/

put up with something or somebody unpleasant

From this reading “For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.”

Voltaire noun US /voʊlˈter/

French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)

From this reading “In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.”

All words in this reading · 100

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

advantagenounUS /ædˈvæntɪdʒ/

the quality of having a superior or more favorable position

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

assertverbUS /əˈsɜːrt/

state categorically

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

autocratnounUS /ˈɔːtəkræt/

a cruel and oppressive dictator

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

breakverbUS /breɪk/

terminate

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

casesnounUS /ˈkeɪsəz/

plural of “case” — an occurrence of something

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

combustiblenoun

a substance that can be burned to provide heat or power

From this reading The elements of the situation were too combustible for any other conclusion.

conclusionnounUS /kənˈkluːʒən/

a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration

From this reading The elements of the situation were too combustible for any other conclusion.

condescendverbUS /ˌkɑːndɪˈsend/

behave in a patronizing and condescending manner

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

confirmedadjectiveUS /kənˈfɜːrmd/

of persons; not subject to change

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

decideverbUS /ˌdɪˈsaɪd/

reach, make, or come to a decision about something

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

difficultiesnounUS /ˈdɪfəkəltiz/

plural of “difficulty” — an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

disguisenounUS /dɪsˈɡaɪz/

A means of altering one's appearance to conceal one's identity.

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

effectnounUS /ɪˈfekt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

egotists

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

elementsnounUS /ˈeləmənts/

violent or severe weather (viewed as caused by the action of the four elements)

From this reading The elements of the situation were too combustible for any other conclusion.

endedadjectiveUS /ˈendəd/

having come or been brought to a conclusion

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

everyonepronounUS /ˈevriwʌn/

every person

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

evidentadjectiveUS /ˈevədənt/

clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

explosionnounUS /ɪkˈsploʊʒən/

a violent release of energy caused by a chemical or nuclear reaction

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The elements of the situation were too combustible for any other conclusion.

FredericknounUS /ˈfredrɪk/

a town in northern Maryland to the west of Baltimore

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

happenverbUS /ˈhæpən/

come to pass

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

impartialadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɑːrʃəl/

showing lack of favoritism

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

induceverbUS /ˌɪnˈduːs/

cause to arise

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

inherentadjectiveUS /ɪnˈhɪrənt/

existing as an essential constituent or characteristic

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

intensifiedadjectiveUS /ɪnˈtensəfaɪd/

made more intense

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

knowsnounUS /noʊz/

plural of “know” — the fact of being aware of information that is known to few people

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

masternounUS /ˈmæstər/

an artist of consummate skill

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

menialadjectiveUS /ˈmiːniəl/

used of unskilled work (especially domestic work)

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

mutualadjectiveUS /ˈmjuːtʃuːəl/

common to or shared by two or more parties

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

ménage

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

observernounUS /əbˈzɜːrvər/

a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The elements of the situation were too combustible for any other conclusion.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The elements of the situation were too combustible for any other conclusion.

paidadjectiveUS /peɪd/

marked by the reception of pay

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

purelyadverbUS /ˈpjʊrli/

restricted to something

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

reasonsnounUS /ˈriːzənz/

plural of “reason” — a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

relationshipnounUS /riˈleɪʃənʃɪp/

a relation between people; (“relationship” is often used where “relation” would serve, as in `the relationship between inflation and unemployment', but the preferred usage of “relationship” is for human relations or states of relatedness)

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

selfishadjectiveUS /ˈselfɪʃ/

concerned chiefly or only with yourself and your advantage to the exclusion of others

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

sensenounUS /sens/

a general conscious awareness

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

servantnounUS /ˈsɜːrvənt/

a person working in the service of another (especially in the household)

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

situationnounUS /ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃən/

the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time

From this reading The elements of the situation were too combustible for any other conclusion.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

sooneradverbUS /ˈsuːnər/

comparatives of “soon” or “early”

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

thinadjectiveUS /θɪn/

Having little thickness or extent.

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

tolerateverbUS /ˈtɑːləreɪt/

put up with something or somebody unpleasant

From this reading For some time their sense of mutual advantage may induce them to tolerate each other, but sooner or later human nature will assert itself, and the _ménage_ will break up.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading The elements of the situation were too combustible for any other conclusion.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

visitverbUS /ˈvɪzɪt/

go to see a place, as for entertainment

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

VoltairenounUS /voʊlˈter/

French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

Voltaire's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In any case, it is evident to the impartial observer that Voltaire's visit could only have ended as it did--in an explosion.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The elements of the situation were too combustible for any other conclusion.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading When two confirmed egotists decide, for purely selfish reasons, to set up house together, everyone knows what will happen.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading And, with Voltaire and Frederick, the difficulties inherent in all such cases were intensified by the fact that the relationship between them was, in effect, that of servant and master; that Voltaire, under a very thin disguise, was a paid menial, while Frederick, condescend as he might, was an autocrat whose will was law.

Chapter 5 of Books and Characters, French & English by Lytton Strachey holds 427 sentences, grouped into 86 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 5 of Books and Characters, French & English contain?

Chapter 5 holds 427 sentences of Books and Characters, French & English, unabridged, divided into 86 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 5 of Books and Characters, French & English by Lytton Strachey exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 427 sentences, grouped into 86 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 5 of Books and Characters, French & English?

Work through the 86 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 86 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 5 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 5 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Books and Characters, French & English

Common questions about reading Books and Characters, French & English by Lytton Strachey on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Books and Characters, French & English?

Yes. All 2926 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12478 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Books and Characters, French & English is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12478, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Books and Characters, French & English take to read?

About 243 minutes of reading across 586 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Books and Characters, French & English section by section

How to work through Books and Characters, French & English section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in Books and Characters, French & English

Words and structures a reader meets early in Books and Characters, French & English, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Ingres
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Books and Characters, French & English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Painted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Books and Characters, French & English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Apotheosis
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Books and Characters, French & English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Homer
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Books and Characters, French & English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.