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Britain in the Middle Ages
Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 30 sentences across 6 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Britain in the Middle Ages
Context Illustration Reading 1/6 · 5 lines
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BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.
Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.
From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.
Once, it seems, Britain was a hot land.
Great forests grew up everywhere.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 30 sentences across 6 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/6 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.
/bɪˈfɔːr ðə ˈkʌmɪŋ ʌv ðə ˈroʊmənz ðə wɜːrld ɪz ˈveri oʊld ənd ɪt hæz ˈteɪkən ə lɔːŋ taɪm tuː dɪˈskʌvər mʌtʃ ʌv ðə ˈeɪn.ʃənt ˈstɔːri ʌv ˈbrɪtən/
Line 2
Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.
/ˈskɑːlərz hæv faʊnd aʊt ˈmeni θɪŋz bɪˈkɔːz ðeɪ ɑːr ˈeɪbəl naʊ tuː red ðə saɪnz ɑːn ðə rɑːks ənd ˈʌndər ðə sɔɪl/
Line 3
From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.
/frʌm ðə tuːlz left bɪˈhaɪnd frʌm ðə rɪˈmeɪnz ʌv ˈdwelɪŋz ənd frʌm ˈtreʒərz faʊnd ɪn ɡreɪvz wiː hæv lɜːrnd əˈbaʊt ðə weɪz ʌv men ɪn taɪmz bɪˈfɔːr ˈhɪstəri wɑːz ˈrɪtən daʊn/
Line 4
Once, it seems, Britain was a hot land.
/wʌns ɪt siːmz ˈbrɪtən wɑːz ə hɑːt lænd/
Line 5
Great forests grew up everywhere.
/ɡreɪt ˈfɔːrəsts ɡruː ʌp ˈevriwer/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Britain noun US /ˈbrɪtən/

a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; “Great Britain” is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom

From this reading “BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.”

dwellings noun US /ˈdwelɪŋz/

plural of “dwelling” — housing that someone is living in

From this reading “From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.”

forests noun US /ˈfɔːrəsts/

plural of “forest” — the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading “Great forests grew up everywhere.”

graves noun US /ɡreɪvz/

English writer known for his interest in mythology and in the classics (1895-1985)

From this reading “From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.”

romans noun US /ˈroʊmənz/

a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

From this reading “BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.”

Scholars noun US /ˈskɑːlərz/

plural of “scholar” — a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines

From this reading “Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.”

tools noun US /tuːlz/

plural of “tool” — an implement used in the practice of a vocation

From this reading “From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.”

treasures noun US /ˈtreʒərz/

plural of “treasure” — accumulated wealth in the form of money or jewels etc.

From this reading “From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

many things adjective + noun

In this reading “Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.”

long time adjective + noun

a prolonged period of time

In this reading “BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.”

grew up verb + adjective counted as “grow up”

become an adult

In this reading “Great forests grew up everywhere.”

Great forests adjective + noun counted as “great forest”

In this reading “Great forests grew up everywhere.”

found out verb + adjective

In this reading “Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.”

on the rocks preposition + article + noun counted as “on … rock”

In this reading “Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.”

All words in this reading · 67

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

ableadjectiveUS /ˈeɪbəl/

(usually followed by “to”) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

BEFOREprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

BritainnounUS /ˈbrɪtən/

a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; “Great Britain” is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

COMINGnounUS /ˈkʌmɪŋ/

the act of drawing spatially closer to something

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

discoververbUS /dɪˈskʌvər/

discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

dwellingsnounUS /ˈdwelɪŋz/

plural of “dwelling” — housing that someone is living in

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

everywhereadverbUS /ˈevriwer/

to or in any or all places

From this reading Great forests grew up everywhere.

forestsnounUS /ˈfɔːrəsts/

plural of “forest” — the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading Great forests grew up everywhere.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

FromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

gravesnounUS /ɡreɪvz/

English writer known for his interest in mythology and in the classics (1895-1985)

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

GreatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Great forests grew up everywhere.

grewverbUS /ɡruː/

inflected form of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading Great forests grew up everywhere.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

hotadjectiveUS /hɑːt/

used of physical heat; having a high or higher than desirable temperature or giving off heat or feeling or causing a sensation of heat or burning

From this reading Once, it seems, Britain was a hot land.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading Once, it seems, Britain was a hot land.

learnedadjectiveUS /lɜːrnd/

having or showing profound knowledge

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

OnceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading Once, it seems, Britain was a hot land.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

readverbUS /red/

interpret something that is written or printed

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

remainsnounUS /rɪˈmeɪnz/

any object that is left unused or still extant

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

rocksnounUS /rɑːks/

plural of “rock” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

ROMANSnounUS /ˈroʊmənz/

a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

ScholarsnounUS /ˈskɑːlərz/

plural of “scholar” — a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

seemsverbUS /siːmz/

third-person singular of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Once, it seems, Britain was a hot land.

signsnounUS /saɪnz/

plural of “sign” — a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

soilnounUS /sɔɪl/

the state of being covered with unclean things

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

storynounUS /ˈstɔːri/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

toolsnounUS /tuːlz/

plural of “tool” — an implement used in the practice of a vocation

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

treasuresnounUS /ˈtreʒərz/

plural of “treasure” — accumulated wealth in the form of money or jewels etc.

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Scholars have found out many things because they are able now to read the signs on the rocks and under the soil.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Great forests grew up everywhere.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

waysnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading BEFORE THE COMING OF THE ROMANS The world is very old, and it has taken a long time to discover much of the ancient story of Britain.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading From the tools left behind, from the remains of dwellings and from treasures found in graves, we have learned about the ways of men in times before history was written down.

Chapter 1 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman holds 30 sentences, grouped into 6 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Britain in the Middle Ages contain?

Chapter 1 holds 30 sentences of Britain in the Middle Ages, unabridged, divided into 6 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 30 sentences, grouped into 6 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Work through the 6 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 6 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages

Common questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Yes. All 1237 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #40371 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Britain in the Middle Ages is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #40371, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Britain in the Middle Ages take to read?

About 103 minutes of reading across 248 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Britain in the Middle Ages

Words and structures a reader meets early in Britain in the Middle Ages, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Coming
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Romans
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
World
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Taken
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.