Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Britain in the Middle Ages
Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 32 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Britain in the Middle Ages
Context Illustration Reading 1/6 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.
They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.
The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.
Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.
Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 32 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/6 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.
Line 2
They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.
/ðeɪ wɜːr faɪn men tɔːl ənd strɔːŋ wɪð lɔːŋ fer her ənd bluː aɪz/
Line 3
The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.
/ðə ˈbrɪtənz ɡeɪzd ɪn ˈwʌndər æz boʊt ˈæftər boʊt ˈɡlaɪdɪd ˈɪntuː ðə beɪz/
Line 4
Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.
/ˈɡreɪsfəl ˈbraɪtli ˈkʌlərd boʊts ðeɪ wɜːr wɪð ˈfɔːrti ɔːrz ɑːn iːtʃ saɪd ənd ə mæɡˈnɪfəsənt seɪl səmˈtaɪmz meɪd ʌv sɪlk emˈbrɔɪdərd wɪð ə ˈdræɡən ɔːr ə ˈsɜːrpənt ðə ɡɪft ʌv ə ɡreɪt prɪns meɪ biː/
Line 5
Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.
/ˈevəri ˈseɪlər æz hiː stept əˈʃɔːr bɪˈkeɪm ə ˈsoʊldʒər ɑːrmd hɪmˈself wɪð hɪz ʃiːld wɪtʃ hiː tʊk frʌm ðə ˈvesəlz saɪd ənd ə sɔːrd ðə best ɪn ðə wɜːrld ˈdɪrər tuː hɪm ðæn ɔːl ˈʌðər ˈtreʒərz meɪd baɪ ðə tʃiːf ɔːr baɪ ə ˈfeɪməs ˈblæksmɪθ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Angles noun US /ˈæŋɡəlz/

plural of “angle” — the space between two lines or planes that intersect; the inclination of one line to another; measured in degrees or radians

From this reading “THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.”

bays noun US /beɪz/

plural of “bay” — an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf

From this reading “The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.”

blacksmith noun US /ˈblæksmɪθ/

a smith who forges and shapes iron with a hammer and anvil

From this reading “Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.”

Britons noun US /ˈbrɪtənz/

plural of “briton” — a native or inhabitant of Great Britain

From this reading “The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.”

dearer adjective US /ˈdɪrər/

comparative of “dear” — dearly loved

From this reading “Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.”

embroidered verb US /emˈbrɔɪdərd/

past form of “embroider” — decorate with needlework

From this reading “Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.”

saxons noun US /ˈsæksənz/

plural of “saxon” — a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading “THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.”

vessel's noun US /ˈvesəlz/

possessive form of “vessel” — a tube in which a body fluid circulates

From this reading “Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

blue eyes adjective + noun

In this reading “They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.”

fair hair adjective + noun

In this reading “They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.”

glided into verb + particle counted as “glide into”

In this reading “The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.”

embroidered with verb + particle counted as “embroider with”

In this reading “Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.”

in the world preposition + article + noun counted as “in … world”

In this reading “Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.”

into the bays preposition + article + noun counted as “into … bay”

In this reading “The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.”

All words in this reading · 86

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

Angleland

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

AnglesnounUS /ˈæŋɡəlz/

plural of “angle” — the space between two lines or planes that intersect; the inclination of one line to another; measured in degrees or radians

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

armedadjectiveUS /ɑːrmd/

(used of persons or the military) characterized by having or bearing arms

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.

ashoreadverbUS /əˈʃɔːr/

towards the shore from the water

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

baysnounUS /beɪz/

plural of “bay” — an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf

From this reading The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

becameverbUS /bɪˈkeɪm/

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

blacksmithnounUS /ˈblæksmɪθ/

a smith who forges and shapes iron with a hammer and anvil

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

blueadjectiveUS /bluː/

of the color intermediate between green and violet; having a color similar to that of a clear unclouded sky

From this reading They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.

boatnounUS /boʊt/

a small vessel for travel on water

From this reading The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.

boatsnounUS /boʊts/

plural of “boat” — a small vessel for travel on water

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

brightlyadverbUS /ˈbraɪtli/

with brightness

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

BritainnounUS /ˈbrɪtən/

a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; “Great Britain” is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

BritonsnounUS /ˈbrɪtənz/

plural of “briton” — a native or inhabitant of Great Britain

From this reading The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

colouredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌlərd/

having color or a certain color; sometimes used in combination

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

deareradjectiveUS /ˈdɪrər/

comparative of “dear” — dearly loved

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

dragonnounUS /ˈdræɡən/

a creature of Teutonic mythology; usually represented as breathing fire and having a reptilian body and sometimes wings

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

embroideredverbUS /emˈbrɔɪdərd/

past form of “embroider” — decorate with needlework

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

EverydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.

fairadjectiveUS /fer/

free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.

famousadjectiveUS /ˈfeɪməs/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

fineadjectiveUS /faɪn/

being satisfactory or in satisfactory condition

From this reading They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.

fortyadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrti/

being ten more than thirty

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

gazedverbUS /ɡeɪzd/

past form of “gaze” — look at with fixed eyes

From this reading The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.

giftnounUS /ɡɪft/

something acquired without compensation

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

glidedverbUS /ˈɡlaɪdɪd/

past form of “glide” — move smoothly and effortlessly

From this reading The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.

GracefuladjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪsfəl/

characterized by beauty of movement, style, form, or execution

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

hairnounUS /her/

a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss

From this reading They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

magnificentadjectiveUS /mæɡˈnɪfəsənt/

characterized by grandeur

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.

oarsnounUS /ɔːrz/

plural of “oar” — an implement used to propel or steer a boat

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

princenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

robbersnounUS /ˈrɒb.ərz/

Persons who steal from a person or place, especially using violence or threats.

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

sailverbUS /seɪl/

traverse or travel on (a body of water)

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

sailornounUS /ˈseɪlər/

any member of a ship's crew

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

SAXONSnounUS /ˈsæksənz/

plural of “saxon” — a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

serpentnounUS /ˈsɜːrpənt/

limbless scaly elongate reptile; some are venomous

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

shieldnounUS /ʃiːld/

a protective covering or structure

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

silknounUS /sɪlk/

a fabric made from the fine threads produced by certain insect larvae

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

soldiernounUS /ˈsoʊldʒər/

an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading Graceful, brightly coloured boats they were, with forty oars on each side and a magnificent sail, sometimes made of silk, embroidered with a dragon or a serpent, the gift of a great prince may be.

steppedverbUS /stept/

inflected form of “step” — shift or move by taking a step

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

strongadjectiveUS /strɔːŋ/

having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.

swordnounUS /sɔːrd/

a cutting or thrusting weapon that has a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guard

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

talladjectiveUS /tɔːl/

great in vertical dimension; high in stature

From this reading They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

treasuresnounUS /ˈtreʒərz/

plural of “treasure” — accumulated wealth in the form of money or jewels etc.

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

vessel'snounUS /ˈvesəlz/

possessive form of “vessel” — a tube in which a body fluid circulates

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading THE SAXONS These sea robbers were the Angles and the Saxons, and Britain became Angleland or England.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading They were fine men, tall and strong, with long fair hair and blue eyes.

wondernounUS /ˈwʌndər/

the feeling aroused by something strange and surprising

From this reading The Britons gazed in wonder as boat after boat glided into the bays.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading Every sailor, as he stepped ashore, became a soldier, armed himself with his shield which he took from the vessel's side, and a sword, the best in the world, dearer to him than all other treasures, made by the chief, or by a famous blacksmith.

Chapter 3 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman holds 32 sentences, grouped into 7 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Britain in the Middle Ages contain?

Chapter 3 holds 32 sentences of Britain in the Middle Ages, unabridged, divided into 7 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 32 sentences, grouped into 7 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Work through the 7 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 7 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages

Common questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Yes. All 1237 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #40371 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Britain in the Middle Ages is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #40371, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Britain in the Middle Ages take to read?

About 103 minutes of reading across 248 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Britain in the Middle Ages section by section

How to work through Britain in the Middle Ages section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 25 chapters of Britain in the Middle Ages to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Britain in the Middle Ages

Words and structures a reader meets early in Britain in the Middle Ages, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Coming
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Romans
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
World
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Taken
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.