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Britain in the Middle Ages
Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 58 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
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THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.
There he learned to speak Norman French and to love Norman ways.
When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.
He was a man "full of grace and devoted to the service of God."
He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 58 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.
Line 2
There he learned to speak Norman French and to love Norman ways.
/ðer hiː lɜːrnd tuː spiːk ˈnɔːrmən frentʃ ənd tuː lʌv ˈnɔːrmən weɪz/
Line 3
When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.
/wen ðə ˈsæksənz tʃoʊz hɪm tuː biː kɪŋ hiː brɔːt sʌm ʌv hɪz ˈnɔːrmən frendz tuː kɔːrt wɪð hɪm/
Line 4
He was a man "full of grace and devoted to the service of God."
/hiː wɑːz ə mæn fʊl ʌv ɡreɪs ənd dɪˈvoʊtɪd tuː ðə ˈsɜːrvəs ʌv ɡɑːd/
Line 5
He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Danish noun US /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/

a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark

From this reading “THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.”

Earls noun US /ɜːrlz/

plural of “earl” — a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading “He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.”

hastings noun US /ˈheɪstɪŋz/

United States architect who formed and important architectural firm with John Merven Carrere (1860-1929)

From this reading “THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.”

Normandy noun US /ˈnɔːrməndi/

a former province of northwestern France on the English channel; divided into Haute-Normandie and Basse-Normandie

From this reading “THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.”

Saxon noun US /ˈsæksən/

a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading “THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.”

Saxons noun US /ˈsæksənz/

plural of “saxon” — a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading “When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.”

Scots noun US /skɑːts/

the dialect of English used in Scotland

From this reading “He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.”

Wessex noun US /ˈwesəks/

a Saxon kingdom in southwestern England that became the most powerful English kingdom by the 10th century

From this reading “He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

taken refuge adjective + noun

In this reading “THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.”

struck terror adjective + noun

In this reading “He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He was a man "full of grace and devoted to the service of God."

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading There he learned to speak Norman French and to love Norman ways.

BATTLEnounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.

choseverbUS /tʃoʊz/

inflected form of “choose” — pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives

From this reading When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.

Confessornoun

a priest who hears confession and gives absolution

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.

DanishnounUS /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/

a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

devotedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvoʊtɪd/

zealous in devotion or affection

From this reading He was a man "full of grace and devoted to the service of God."

EarlsnounUS /ɜːrlz/

plural of “earl” — a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading There he learned to speak Norman French and to love Norman ways.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.

fulladjectiveUS /fʊl/

containing as much or as many as is possible or normal

From this reading He was a man "full of grace and devoted to the service of God."

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading He was a man "full of grace and devoted to the service of God."

Godwin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

gracenounUS /ɡreɪs/

(Christian theology) a state of sanctification by God; the state of one who is under such divine influence

From this reading He was a man "full of grace and devoted to the service of God."

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

HASTINGSnounUS /ˈheɪstɪŋz/

United States architect who formed and important architectural firm with John Merven Carrere (1860-1929)

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading There he learned to speak Norman French and to love Norman ways.

heartsnounUS /hɑːrts/

a form of whist in which players avoid winning tricks containing hearts or the queen of spades

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.

kingdomnounUS /ˈkɪŋdəm/

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

KingsnounUS /kɪŋz/

plural of “king” — a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

learnedadjectiveUS /lɜːrnd/

having or showing profound knowledge

From this reading There he learned to speak Norman French and to love Norman ways.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

Leofric

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading There he learned to speak Norman French and to love Norman ways.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading He was a man "full of grace and devoted to the service of God."

MarshnounUS /mɑːrʃ/

low-lying wet land with grassy vegetation; usually is a transition zone between land and water

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

NormannounUS /ˈnɔːrmən/

United States operatic soprano (born in 1945)

From this reading There he learned to speak Norman French and to love Norman ways.

NormandynounUS /ˈnɔːrməndi/

a former province of northwestern France on the English channel; divided into Haute-Normandie and Basse-Normandie

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

princenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

refugenounUS /ˈrefjuːdʒ/

a safe place

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

rulenounUS /ruːl/

a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

ruledadjectiveUS /ruːld/

subject to a ruling authority

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

SaxonnounUS /ˈsæksən/

a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

SaxonsnounUS /ˈsæksənz/

plural of “saxon” — a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.

ScotsnounUS /skɑːts/

the dialect of English used in Scotland

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

servicenounUS /ˈsɜːrvəs/

work done by one person or group that benefits another

From this reading He was a man "full of grace and devoted to the service of God."

Siward

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading There he learned to speak Norman French and to love Norman ways.

StoutadjectiveUS /staʊt/

dependable

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

struckadjectiveUS /strʌk/

(used in combination) affected by something overwhelming

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

terrornounUS /ˈterər/

an overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There he learned to speak Norman French and to love Norman ways.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading There he learned to speak Norman French and to love Norman ways.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He was a man "full of grace and devoted to the service of God."

waysnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading There he learned to speak Norman French and to love Norman ways.

WessexnounUS /ˈwesəks/

a Saxon kingdom in southwestern England that became the most powerful English kingdom by the 10th century

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Edward the Confessor, the Saxon prince, had taken refuge in Normandy in the days when the Danish Kings ruled in England.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

wiseadjectiveUS /waɪz/

having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading He left the rule of his kingdom to three Saxon Earls, Siward the Stout, a man who struck terror to the hearts of the Scots, Leofric of the Marsh land, "wise in the things of God and men," and Godwin of Wessex.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading When the Saxons chose him to be king, he brought some of his Norman friends to court with him.

Chapter 7 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman holds 58 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of Britain in the Middle Ages contain?

Chapter 7 holds 58 sentences of Britain in the Middle Ages, unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 58 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages

Common questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Yes. All 1237 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #40371 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Britain in the Middle Ages is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #40371, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Britain in the Middle Ages take to read?

About 103 minutes of reading across 248 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Britain in the Middle Ages section by section

How to work through Britain in the Middle Ages section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Britain in the Middle Ages

Words and structures a reader meets early in Britain in the Middle Ages, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Coming
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Romans
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
World
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Taken
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.