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Britain in the Middle Ages
Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 40 sentences across 8 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/8 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.
With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.
The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.
The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.
There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 40 sentences across 8 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/8 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.
Line 2
With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.
Line 3
The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.
/ðə kəˈθiːdrəl wɑːz væst ənd ɡrænd wɪð ɪts ˈsteɪtli ˈpɪlərz ənd ruːf soʊ ˈlɔːfti ðæt ɪt wɑːz lɔːst ɪn dɪm ˈʃædoʊz/
Line 4
The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.
/ðə ˈmæstər ˈmeɪsən huː plænd ɪt tʊk ɡreɪt dʒɔɪ ɪn ˈbɪldɪŋ ənd ˈɔːfən ˈtrævəld fɑːr tuː siː ðə wɜːrks ʌv ˈʌðər men/
Line 5
There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.
/ðer ɑːr ˈpɪktʃərz ʌv hɪm wɪð hɪz kæp ɑːn hɪz hed ðə saɪn ðæt hiː wɑːz ə ˈmæstər ənd hɪz ˈkʌmpəs ɪn hɪz hænd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

builders noun US /ˈbɪldərz/

plural of “builder” — a substance added to soaps or detergents to increase their cleansing action

From this reading “NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.”

cathedrals noun US /kəˈθiːdrəlz/

plural of “cathedral” — any large and important church

From this reading “With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.”

compass noun US /ˈkʌmpəs/

navigational instrument for finding directions

From this reading “There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.”

craftsmen noun US /ˈkræftsmen/

plural of “craftsman” — a professional whose work is consistently of high quality

From this reading “With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.”

dreamers noun US /ˈdriːmərz/

plural of “dreamer” — someone who is dreaming

From this reading “With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.”

mason noun US /ˈmeɪsən/

American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights (1725-1792)

From this reading “The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.”

pillars noun US /ˈpɪlərz/

plural of “pillar” — a fundamental principle or practice

From this reading “The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.”

rulers noun US /ˈruːlərz/

plural of “ruler” — a person who rules or commands

From this reading “NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

dim shadows adjective + noun counted as “dim shadow”

In this reading “The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.”

great joy adjective + noun

In this reading “The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.”

white stone noun + noun

In this reading “With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.”

other men adjective + noun

In this reading “The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.”

own land verb + noun

In this reading “With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.”

All words in this reading · 73

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

abbeys

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

BUILDERSnounUS /ˈbɪldərz/

plural of “builder” — a substance added to soaps or detergents to increase their cleansing action

From this reading NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.

buildingnounUS /ˈbɪldɪŋ/

a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

builtadjectiveUS /bɪlt/

(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

capnounUS /kæp/

a tight-fitting headdress

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

CathedralnounUS /kəˈθiːdrəl/

any large and important church

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

cathedralsnounUS /kəˈθiːdrəlz/

plural of “cathedral” — any large and important church

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

churchesnounUS /ˈtʃɜːrtʃɪz/

plural of “church” — one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

compassnounUS /ˈkʌmpəs/

navigational instrument for finding directions

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

craftsmennounUS /ˈkræftsmen/

plural of “craftsman” — a professional whose work is consistently of high quality

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

cunningadjectiveUS /ˈkʌnɪŋ/

attractive especially by means of smallness or prettiness or quaintness

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

dimadjectiveUS /dɪm/

lacking in light; not bright or harsh

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

dreamersnounUS /ˈdriːmərz/

plural of “dreamer” — someone who is dreaming

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

grandadjectiveUS /ɡrænd/

of behavior that is impressive and ambitious in scale or scope

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

joynounUS /dʒɔɪ/

the emotion of great happiness

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

loftyadjectiveUS /ˈlɔːfti/

of high moral or intellectual value; elevated in nature or style

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

magnificentadjectiveUS /mæɡˈnɪfəsənt/

characterized by grandeur

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

masonnounUS /ˈmeɪsən/

American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights (1725-1792)

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

masternounUS /ˈmæstər/

an artist of consummate skill

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

NORMANnounUS /ˈnɔːrmən/

United States operatic soprano (born in 1945)

From this reading NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.

Normans

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

picturesnounUS /ˈpɪktʃərz/

plural of “picture” — a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

pillarsnounUS /ˈpɪlərz/

plural of “pillar” — a fundamental principle or practice

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

plannedadjectiveUS /plænd/

designed or carried out according to a plan

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

roofnounUS /ruːf/

a protective covering that covers or forms the top of a building

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

rulersnounUS /ˈruːlərz/

plural of “ruler” — a person who rules or commands

From this reading NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

shadowsnounUS /ˈʃædoʊz/

plural of “shadow” — shade within clear boundaries

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

signnounUS /saɪn/

a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

soldiersnounUS /ˈsoʊldʒərz/

plural of “soldier” — an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army

From this reading NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.

statelyadjectiveUS /ˈsteɪtli/

impressive in appearance

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

stonenounUS /stoʊn/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There are pictures of him with his cap on his head, the sign that he was a master, and his compass in his hand.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

travelledadjectiveUS /ˈtrævəld/

familiar with many parts of the world

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

vastadjectiveUS /væst/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Cathedral was vast and grand, with its stately pillars and roof so lofty that it was lost in dim shadows.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading NORMAN BUILDERS The Normans were soldiers and rulers and great builders too.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

WithprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading With the white stone, which they found in their own land, they built magnificent cathedrals, abbeys and churches, for they were cunning craftsmen and dreamers.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading The master mason, who planned it, took great joy in building and often travelled far to see the works of other men.

Chapter 11 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman holds 40 sentences, grouped into 8 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of Britain in the Middle Ages contain?

Chapter 11 holds 40 sentences of Britain in the Middle Ages, unabridged, divided into 8 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 40 sentences, grouped into 8 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 11 of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Work through the 8 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 8 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 11 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages

Common questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Yes. All 1237 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #40371 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Britain in the Middle Ages is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #40371, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Britain in the Middle Ages take to read?

About 103 minutes of reading across 248 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Britain in the Middle Ages section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Britain in the Middle Ages

Words and structures a reader meets early in Britain in the Middle Ages, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Coming
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Romans
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
World
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Taken
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.