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Britain in the Middle Ages
Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter XIV

Chapter 14 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 44 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/8 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND Away to the west lay the beautiful country of Ireland.
It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.
For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.
"Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.
Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
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/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter XIV

Chapter 14 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 44 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/8 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND Away to the west lay the beautiful country of Ireland.
/ðə ˈkɑːŋkwest ʌv ˈaɪərlənd əˈweɪ tuː ðə west leɪ ðə ˈbjuːtəfəl ˈkʌntri ʌv ˈaɪərlənd/
Line 2
It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.
/ɪt wɑːz noʊn ɪn ɔːl ðə wɜːrld fɔːr ɪts ˈrɪtʃəz ənd ðə ʃɪps ʌv ˈmeni lændz wɜːr siːn ɪn ɪts ˈheɪvənz/
Line 3
For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.
/fɔːr ðə ˈrɪvərz ənd siːz wɜːr fʊl ʌv fɪʃ ðə ˈpæstʃərz ɡeɪv əˈbʌndənt fuːd tuː ðə flɑːks ənd hɜːrdz/
Line 4
"Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.
Line 5
Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.
/ˈmɜːrtʃənts keɪm ˈleɪdən wɪð ˈspaɪsəz fɪɡz ˈpepər ənd ˈdʒɪndʒər wɪð waɪn ənd ˈkɑːrpəts ənd ˈmeni θɪŋz frʌm ðə iːst tuː ˈɔːfər ɪn ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ fɔːr ðer welθ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

carpets noun US /ˈkɑːrpəts/

plural of “carpet” — floor covering consisting of a piece of thick heavy fabric (usually with nap or pile)

From this reading “Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.”

figs noun US /fɪɡz/

plural of “fig” — a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading “Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.”

ginger noun US /ˈdʒɪndʒər/

perennial plants having thick branching aromatic rhizomes and leafy reedlike stems

From this reading “Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.”

havens noun US /ˈheɪvənz/

plural of “haven” — a shelter serving as a place of safety or sanctuary

From this reading “It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.”

herds noun US /hɜːrdz/

plural of “herd” — a group of cattle or sheep or other domestic mammals all of the same kind that are herded by humans

From this reading “For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.”

orchards noun US /ˈɔːrtʃərdz/

plural of “orchard” — garden consisting of a small cultivated wood without undergrowth

From this reading “"Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.”

pastures noun US /ˈpæstʃərz/

plural of “pasture” — a field covered with grass or herbage and suitable for grazing by livestock

From this reading “For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.”

spices noun US /ˈspaɪsəz/

plural of “spice” — aromatic substances of vegetable origin used as a preservative

From this reading “Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

many things adjective + noun

In this reading “Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.”

from the east preposition + article + noun counted as “from … east”

In this reading “Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.”

in exchange preposition + noun

In this reading “Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.”

All words in this reading · 65

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

abundantadjectiveUS /əˈbʌndənt/

present in great quantity

From this reading For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

AwayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND Away to the west lay the beautiful country of Ireland.

beautifuladjectiveUS /ˈbjuːtəfəl/

delighting the senses or exciting intellectual or emotional admiration

From this reading THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND Away to the west lay the beautiful country of Ireland.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

carpetsnounUS /ˈkɑːrpəts/

plural of “carpet” — floor covering consisting of a piece of thick heavy fabric (usually with nap or pile)

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

CONQUESTnounUS /ˈkɑːŋkwest/

the act of conquering

From this reading THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND Away to the west lay the beautiful country of Ireland.

cornnounUS /kɔːrn/

tall annual cereal grass bearing kernels on large ears: widely cultivated in America in many varieties; the principal cereal in Mexico and Central and South America since pre-Columbian times

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND Away to the west lay the beautiful country of Ireland.

DarknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

eastnounUS /iːst/

the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

exchangenounUS /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/

chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

fieldsnounUS /fiːldz/

United States comedian and film actor (1880-1946)

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

figsnounUS /fɪɡz/

plural of “fig” — a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

fishnounUS /fɪʃ/

any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills

From this reading For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.

flocksnounUS /flɑːks/

plural of “flock” — a church congregation guided by a pastor

From this reading For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.

foodnounUS /fuːd/

any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue

From this reading For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

fulladjectiveUS /fʊl/

containing as much or as many as is possible or normal

From this reading For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.

gaveverbUS /ɡeɪv/

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.

gingernounUS /ˈdʒɪndʒər/

perennial plants having thick branching aromatic rhizomes and leafy reedlike stems

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

harvestnounUS /ˈhɑːrvəst/

the yield from plants in a single growing season

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

havensnounUS /ˈheɪvənz/

plural of “haven” — a shelter serving as a place of safety or sanctuary

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

herdsnounUS /hɜːrdz/

plural of “herd” — a group of cattle or sheep or other domestic mammals all of the same kind that are herded by humans

From this reading For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

IRELANDnounUS /ˈaɪərlənd/

a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921

From this reading THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND Away to the west lay the beautiful country of Ireland.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

ladenadjectiveUS /ˈleɪdən/

filled with a great quantity

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

landsnounUS /lændz/

plural of “land” — the land on which real estate is located

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND Away to the west lay the beautiful country of Ireland.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

MerchantsnounUS /ˈmɜːrtʃənts/

plural of “merchant” — a businessperson engaged in retail trade

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND Away to the west lay the beautiful country of Ireland.

offerverbUS /ˈɔːfər/

make available or accessible, provide or furnish

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

orchardsnounUS /ˈɔːrtʃərdz/

plural of “orchard” — garden consisting of a small cultivated wood without undergrowth

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

over-seas

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

pasturesnounUS /ˈpæstʃərz/

plural of “pasture” — a field covered with grass or herbage and suitable for grazing by livestock

From this reading For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.

pepperverbUS /ˈpepər/

add pepper to

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

plentynounUS /ˈplenti/

a full supply

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

richadjectiveUS /rɪtʃ/

possessing material wealth

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

richesnounUS /ˈrɪtʃəz/

an abundance of material possessions and resources

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

riversnounUS /ˈrɪvərz/

plural of “river” — a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.

seasnounUS /siːz/

plural of “sea” — a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading For the rivers and seas were full of fish, the pastures gave abundant food to the flocks and herds.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

shadownounUS /ˈʃæd.oʊ/

A dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

shipsnounUS /ʃɪps/

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

spicesnounUS /ˈspaɪsəz/

plural of “spice” — aromatic substances of vegetable origin used as a preservative

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND Away to the west lay the beautiful country of Ireland.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND Away to the west lay the beautiful country of Ireland.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

wealthnounUS /welθ/

the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

westnounUS /west/

the countries of (originally) Europe and (now including) North America and South America

From this reading THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND Away to the west lay the beautiful country of Ireland.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading "Dark was the shadow of the corn in their fields" of which "great plenty was sent over-seas," and rich was the harvest of their orchards.

winenounUS /waɪn/

fermented juice (of grapes especially)

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Merchants came laden with spices, figs, pepper and ginger, with wine and carpets and many things from the east to offer in exchange for their wealth.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading It was known in all the world for its riches, and the ships of many lands were seen in its havens.

Chapter 14 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman holds 44 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 14 of Britain in the Middle Ages contain?

Chapter 14 holds 44 sentences of Britain in the Middle Ages, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 14 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 44 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 14 of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 14 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 14 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages

Common questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Yes. All 1237 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #40371 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Britain in the Middle Ages is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #40371, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Britain in the Middle Ages take to read?

About 103 minutes of reading across 248 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Britain in the Middle Ages section by section

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  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Britain in the Middle Ages

Words and structures a reader meets early in Britain in the Middle Ages, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Coming
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Romans
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
World
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Taken
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.