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Britain in the Middle Ages
Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 34 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Britain in the Middle Ages
Context Illustration Reading 1/6 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.
Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.
He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.
The weather was stormy and Margaret died on the voyage.
There was much woe in Scotland and trouble in the English King's mind.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 34 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/6 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.
/ðə wɔːr wɪð ˈskɑːtlənd ðə oʊld kɪŋ ʌv ˈskɑːtlənd ˈdaɪɪŋ left hɪz ˈkɪŋdəm tuː hɪz ˈlɪtəl ˈɡrændɔːtər ðə meɪd ʌv ˈnɔːrweɪ huː wɑːz ˈoʊnli ˈsevən jɪrz oʊld/
Line 2
Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.
/ˈedwərd plænd tuː ˈmeri hɜːr tuː hɪz sʌn ðə prɪns ʌv weɪlz ənd soʊ meɪk ˈɪŋɡlənd ənd ˈskɑːtlənd wʌn ˈkɪŋdəm/
Line 3
He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.
Line 4
The weather was stormy and Margaret died on the voyage.
Line 5
There was much woe in Scotland and trouble in the English King's mind.
/ðer wɑːz mʌtʃ woʊ ɪn ˈskɑːtlənd ənd ˈtrʌbəl ɪn ðə ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ kɪŋz maɪnd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

granddaughter noun US /ˈɡrændɔːtər/

a female grandchild

From this reading “THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.”

Norway noun US /ˈnɔːrweɪ/

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905

From this reading “THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.”

planned adjective US /plænd/

designed or carried out according to a plan

From this reading “Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.”

stored verb US /stɔːrd/

past form of “store” — keep or lay aside for future use

From this reading “He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.”

stormy adjective US /ˈstɔːrmi/

(especially of weather) affected or characterized by storms or commotion

From this reading “The weather was stormy and Margaret died on the voyage.”

toys noun US /tɔɪz/

plural of “toy” — an artifact designed to be played with

From this reading “He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.”

Wales noun US /weɪlz/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria

From this reading “Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.”

woe noun US /woʊ/

misery resulting from affliction

From this reading “There was much woe in Scotland and trouble in the English King's mind.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

seven years noun + noun

In this reading “THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.”

little granddaughter adjective + noun

In this reading “THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.”

good things adjective + noun

In this reading “He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.”

on the voyage preposition + article + noun counted as “on … voyage”

In this reading “The weather was stormy and Margaret died on the voyage.”

old King adjective + noun

In this reading “THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.”

in the winter preposition + article + noun counted as “in … winter”

In this reading “He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.”

All words in this reading · 61

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.

bringverbUS /brɪŋ/

take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

diedverbUS /daɪd/

past form of “die” — pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading The weather was stormy and Margaret died on the voyage.

dyingadjectiveUS /ˈdaɪɪŋ/

in or associated with the process of passing from life or ceasing to be

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading There was much woe in Scotland and trouble in the English King's mind.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

granddaughternounUS /ˈɡrændɔːtər/

a female grandchild

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

King'snounUS /kɪŋz/

possessive form of “king” — a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading There was much woe in Scotland and trouble in the English King's mind.

kingdomnounUS /ˈkɪŋdəm/

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

MaidnounUS /meɪd/

a female domestic

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.

Margaret

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The weather was stormy and Margaret died on the voyage.

marryverbUS /ˈmeri/

take in marriage

From this reading Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading There was much woe in Scotland and trouble in the English King's mind.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading There was much woe in Scotland and trouble in the English King's mind.

NorwaynounUS /ˈnɔːrweɪ/

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The weather was stormy and Margaret died on the voyage.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

plannedadjectiveUS /plænd/

designed or carried out according to a plan

From this reading Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.

PrincenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.

SCOTLANDnounUS /ˈskɑːtlənd/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

sevennounUS /ˈsevən/

the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

shipverbUS /ʃɪp/

transport commercially

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.

storedverbUS /stɔːrd/

past form of “store” — keep or lay aside for future use

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

stormyadjectiveUS /ˈstɔːrmi/

(especially of weather) affected or characterized by storms or commotion

From this reading The weather was stormy and Margaret died on the voyage.

sweetmeats

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There was much woe in Scotland and trouble in the English King's mind.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

toysnounUS /tɔɪz/

plural of “toy” — an artifact designed to be played with

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

troublenounUS /ˈtrʌbəl/

a source of difficulty

From this reading There was much woe in Scotland and trouble in the English King's mind.

voyagenounUS /ˈvɔɪədʒ/

an act of traveling by water

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

WalesnounUS /weɪlz/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria

From this reading Edward planned to marry her to his son the Prince of Wales and so make England and Scotland one kingdom.

WARnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

weathernounUS /ˈweðər/

the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation

From this reading The weather was stormy and Margaret died on the voyage.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading He sent a ship to bring her from Norway in the winter and he stored it with good things, with toys and sweetmeats for the voyage.

WITHprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

woenounUS /woʊ/

misery resulting from affliction

From this reading There was much woe in Scotland and trouble in the English King's mind.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading THE WAR WITH SCOTLAND The old King of Scotland, dying, left his kingdom to his little granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, who was only seven years old.

Chapter 20 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman holds 34 sentences, grouped into 7 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of Britain in the Middle Ages contain?

Chapter 20 holds 34 sentences of Britain in the Middle Ages, unabridged, divided into 7 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 34 sentences, grouped into 7 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Work through the 7 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 7 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages

Common questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Yes. All 1237 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #40371 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Britain in the Middle Ages is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #40371, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Britain in the Middle Ages take to read?

About 103 minutes of reading across 248 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Britain in the Middle Ages section by section

How to work through Britain in the Middle Ages section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Britain in the Middle Ages

Words and structures a reader meets early in Britain in the Middle Ages, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Coming
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Romans
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
World
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Taken
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.