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Britain in the Middle Ages
Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter XXV

Chapter 25 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 196 sentences across 40 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/39 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.
They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.
Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.
They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.
The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Britain in the Middle Ages

Chapter XXV

Chapter 25 of Britain in the Middle Ages is here in full — 196 sentences across 40 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/39 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.
/nuː wɜːrldz ðə ˈbærənz keɪm bæk frʌm fræns/
Line 2
They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.
/ðeɪ wɜːr ˈpræktɪst ɪn ðə ɑːrt ʌv wɔːr ənd ðeɪ tɜːrnd ðer hoʊmz ˈɪntuː strɔːŋ fɔːrts ənd ðer ˈsɜːrvənts ˈɪntuː ˈsoʊldʒərz/
Line 3
Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.
/ʌv ðiːz ðeɪ faʊnd ˈmeni huː wɜːr wel vɜːrst ɪn ɑːrmz ənd ˈredi tuː faɪt/
Line 4
They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.
Line 5
The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.
/ðə ˈskwaɪərz ɪn ðə ˈmænərz ənd ðə ˈmɜːrtʃənts ɪn ðə taʊnz stʊd ɪn ɑː ʌv ðiːz ənˈruːli ˈsʌbdʒɪkts ʌv ðə relm bʌt əˈɡenst ðem ðer wɑːz noʊ ˈremədi ənd ˈevəri mæn wɑːz fɔːrst tuː tʃuːz aʊt ə lɔːrd tuː prəˈtekt hɪm/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

barons noun US /ˈbærənz/

plural of “baron” — a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank

From this reading “NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.”

forts noun US /fɔːrts/

plural of “fort” — a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading “They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.”

manors noun US /ˈmænərz/

plural of “manor” — the mansion of a lord or wealthy person

From this reading “The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.”

realm noun US /relm/

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading “The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.”

squires noun US /ˈskwaɪərz/

plural of “squire” — young nobleman attendant on a knight

From this reading “The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.”

unruly adjective US /ənˈruːli/

noisy and lacking in restraint or discipline

From this reading “The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.”

versed noun US /vɜːrst/

an injectable form of benzodiazepine (trade name Versed) useful for sedation and for reducing pain during uncomfortable medical procedures

From this reading “Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.”

worlds noun US /wɜːrldz/

plural of “world” — everything that exists anywhere

From this reading “NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

came back verb + particle counted as “come back”

be restored

In this reading “NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.”

NEW WORLDS adjective + noun counted as “new world”

the hemisphere that includes North America and South America

In this reading “NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.”

fought for verb + particle counted as “fight for”

In this reading “They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.”

in awe preposition + noun

In this reading “The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

armsnounUS /ɑːrmz/

weapons considered collectively

From this reading Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.

artauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

awenounUS /ɑː/

an overwhelming feeling of wonder or admiration

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.

baronsnounUS /ˈbærənz/

plural of “baron” — a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank

From this reading NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.

chooseverbUS /tʃuːz/

pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

distinguishverbUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/

mark as different

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

fightverbUS /faɪt/

be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.

followersnounUS /ˈfɑːloʊərz/

a group of followers or enthusiasts

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

foodnounUS /fuːd/

any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

forcedadjectiveUS /fɔːrst/

produced by or subjected to forcing

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

fortsnounUS /fɔːrts/

plural of “fort” — a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

foughtverbUS /fɔːt/

inflected form of “fight” — be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.

gainverbUS /ɡeɪn/

obtain

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

gaveverbUS /ɡeɪv/

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

homesnounUS /hoʊmz/

plural of “home” — where you live at a particular time

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

liveries

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

lodgingnounUS /ˈlɑːdʒɪŋ/

structures collectively in which people are housed

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

longeradverbUS /ˈlɔːŋɡər/

for more time

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

lordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

manorsnounUS /ˈmænərz/

plural of “manor” — the mansion of a lord or wealthy person

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.

merchantsnounUS /ˈmɜːrtʃənts/

plural of “merchant” — a businessperson engaged in retail trade

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

neighboursnounUS /ˈneɪbərz/

plural of “neighbour” — a person who lives (or is located) near another

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

NEWadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

practisedadjectiveUS /ˈpræktɪst/

skillful after much practice

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

protectverbUS /prəˈtekt/

shield from danger, injury, destruction, or damage

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

readyadjectiveUS /ˈredi/

completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress

From this reading Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.

realmnounUS /relm/

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

remedynounUS /ˈremədi/

act of correcting an error or a fault or an evil

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

servantsnounUS /ˈsɜːrvənts/

plural of “servant” — a person working in the service of another (especially in the household)

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

servicesnounUS /ˈsɜːrvəsəz/

performance of duties or provision of space and equipment helpful to others

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

soldiersnounUS /ˈsoʊldʒərz/

plural of “soldier” — an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

squiresnounUS /ˈskwaɪərz/

plural of “squire” — young nobleman attendant on a knight

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

strongadjectiveUS /strɔːŋ/

having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

subjectsnounUS /ˈsʌbdʒɪkts/

plural of “subject” — the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading They gave them food and lodging for their services and liveries to distinguish them from the followers of their neighbours and they no longer fought for the King but each for his own gain.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.

townsnounUS /taʊnz/

plural of “town” — an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

turnedadjectiveUS /tɜːrnd/

moved around an axis or center

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

unrulyadjectiveUS /ənˈruːli/

noisy and lacking in restraint or discipline

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

versednounUS /vɜːrst/

an injectable form of benzodiazepine (trade name Versed) useful for sedation and for reducing pain during uncomfortable medical procedures

From this reading Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The squires in the manors and the merchants in the towns stood in awe of these unruly subjects of the realm, but against them there was no remedy, and every man was forced to choose out a lord to protect him.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They were practised in the art of war and they turned their homes into strong forts and their servants into soldiers.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Of these, they found many who were well versed in arms and ready to fight.

WORLDSnounUS /wɜːrldz/

plural of “world” — everything that exists anywhere

From this reading NEW WORLDS The barons came back from France.

Chapter 25 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman holds 196 sentences, grouped into 40 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 25 of Britain in the Middle Ages contain?

Chapter 25 holds 196 sentences of Britain in the Middle Ages, unabridged, divided into 40 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 25 of Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 196 sentences, grouped into 40 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 25 of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Work through the 40 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 40 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 25 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 25 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages

Common questions about reading Britain in the Middle Ages by Florence L. Bowman on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Britain in the Middle Ages?

Yes. All 1237 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #40371 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Britain in the Middle Ages is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #40371, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Britain in the Middle Ages take to read?

About 103 minutes of reading across 248 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Britain in the Middle Ages section by section

How to work through Britain in the Middle Ages section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Britain in the Middle Ages

Words and structures a reader meets early in Britain in the Middle Ages, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Coming
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Romans
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
World
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Taken
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Britain in the Middle Ages; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.