Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Brought Forward
Brought Forward

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Brought Forward is here in full — 465 sentences across 93 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Brought Forward
Context Illustration Reading 1/93 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.
In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.
In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.
Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.
The water-carrier in both countries calls out agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses fodder.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Brought Forward

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Brought Forward is here in full — 465 sentences across 93 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/93 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.
/ðæt ðɪs ʃʊd biː soʊ ɪn ðə oʊld wɜːrld ɪz ˈnætʃərəl ɪˈnʌf fɔːr ðə ded hænd stɪl ruːlz ənd ˈkʌstəm ənd trəˈdɪʃən hæv mɔːr streŋkθ ðæn reɪs ənd kriːd bʌt ðæt ðə ˈheɪtrəd ʃʊd hæv bɪn trænˈsplæntɪd tuː əˈmerəkə ənd stɪl kənˈtɪnjuː ɪz ə pruːf ðæt ˈfɑːli ˈnevər daɪz/
Line 2
In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.
Line 3
In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.
Line 4
Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.
Line 5
The water-carrier in both countries calls outagua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horsesfodder.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Arabic noun US /ˈærəbɪk/

the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects

From this reading “The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.”

baker's noun US /ˈbeɪkərz/

possessive form of “baker” — someone who bakes commercially

Donkeys noun US /ˈdɑːŋkiz/

plural of “donkey” — the symbol of the Democratic Party; introduced in cartoons by Thomas Nast in 1874

From this reading “Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.”

fodder noun US /ˈfɑːdər/

soldiers who are regarded as expendable in the face of artillery fire

From this reading “The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.”

Morocco noun US /mərˈɑːkoʊ/

a kingdom (constitutional monarchy) in northwestern Africa with a largely Muslim population; achieved independence from France in 1956

From this reading “The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.”

overalls noun US /ˈoʊvərɔːlz/

plural of “overall” — (usually plural) work clothing consisting of denim trousers (usually with a bib and shoulder straps)

From this reading “Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.”

plazas noun US /ˈplɑːzəz/

plural of “plaza” — a public square with room for pedestrians

From this reading “In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.”

transplanted verb US /trænˈsplæntɪd/

past form of “transplant” — lift and reset in another soil or situation

From this reading “That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

gather round verb + noun

In this reading “In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.”

felt hats verb + noun counted as “felt hat”

a hat made of felt with a creased crown

In this reading “Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.”

natural enough adjective + noun

In this reading “That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.”

at the doors preposition + article + noun counted as “at … door”

In this reading “Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.”

calls out verb + adjective counted as “call out”

utter aloud; often with surprise, horror, or joy

In this reading “The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.”

old towns adjective + noun counted as “old town”

In this reading “In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.”

Old World adjective + noun

the regions of the world that were known to Europeans before the discovery of the Americas

In this reading “That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.”

stand at verb + particle

In this reading “Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.”

All words in this reading · 119

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

agua-a-a

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

ArabicnounUS /ˈærəbɪk/

the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

arcaded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

baker'snounUS /ˈbeɪkərz/

possessive form of “baker” — someone who bakes commercially

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

basketsnounUS /ˈbæskəts/

plural of “basket” — a container that is usually woven and has handles

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

bringverbUS /brɪŋ/

take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

brushwoodnoun

the wood from bushes or small branches

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

callsnounUS /kɔːlz/

plural of “call” — a telephone connection

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

carryingverbUS /ˈkæriɪŋ/

-ing form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

charcoalnounUS /ˈtʃɑːrkoʊl/

a carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

close-chopped

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

continueverbUS /kənˈtɪnjuː/

continue a certain state, condition, or activity

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

countriesnounUS /ˈkʌntriz/

plural of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

creednounUS /kriːd/

any system of principles or beliefs

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

customnounUS /ˈkʌstəm/

accepted or habitual practice

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

deadadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

diesnounUS /daɪz/

plural of “die” — a small cube with 1 to 6 spots on the six faces; used in gambling to generate random numbers

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

DonkeysnounUS /ˈdɑːŋkiz/

plural of “donkey” — the symbol of the Democratic Party; introduced in cartoons by Thomas Nast in 1874

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

doorsnounUS /dɔːrz/

plural of “door” — a swinging or sliding barrier that will close the entrance to a room or building or vehicle

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

drivenadjectiveUS /ˈdrɪvən/

compelled forcibly by an outside agency

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

esparto

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

exteriornounUS /ɪkˈstɪriər/

the region that is outside of something

From this reading In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.

feltverbUS /felt/

mat together and make felt-like

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

fillverbUS /fɪl/

make full, also in a metaphorical sense

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

foddernounUS /ˈfɑːdər/

soldiers who are regarded as expendable in the face of artillery fire

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

follynounUS /ˈfɑːli/

the trait of acting stupidly or rashly

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

fountainnounUS /ˈfaʊntən/

a structure from which an artificially produced jet of water arises

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

furnacenounUS /ˈfɜːrnəs/

an enclosed chamber in which heat is produced to heat buildings, destroy refuse, smelt or refine ores, etc.

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

gatherverbUS /ˈɡæðər/

assemble or get together

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

goatherds

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

goatsnounUS /ɡoʊts/

plural of “goat” — any of numerous agile ruminants related to sheep but having a beard and straight horns

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

hatrednounUS /ˈheɪtrəd/

the emotion of intense dislike; a feeling of dislike so strong that it demands action

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

hatsnounUS /hæts/

plural of “hat” — headdress that protects the head from bad weather; has shaped crown and usually a brim

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

horsesnounUS /ˈhɔːrsəz/

plural of “horse” — solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

iron-hooped

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

leathernounUS /ˈleðər/

an animal skin made smooth and flexible by removing the hair and then tanning

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

makingnounUS /ˈmeɪkɪŋ/

the act that results in something coming to be

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

Minho

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

MorocconounUS /mərˈɑːkoʊ/

a kingdom (constitutional monarchy) in northwestern Africa with a largely Muslim population; achieved independence from France in 1956

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

mulesnounUS /mjuːlz/

plural of “mule” — hybrid offspring of a male donkey and a female horse; usually sterile

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

naturaladjectiveUS /ˈnætʃərəl/

in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

netsnounUS /nets/

plural of “net” — a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.

OldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

overallsnounUS /ˈoʊvərɔːlz/

plural of “overall” — (usually plural) work clothing consisting of denim trousers (usually with a bib and shoulder straps)

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

paradenounUS /pərˈeɪd/

a ceremonial procession including people marching

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

peoplesnounUS /ˈpiːpəlz/

the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

From this reading In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.

pipesnounUS /paɪps/

plural of “pipe” — a tube with a small bowl at one end; used for smoking tobacco

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

plazasnounUS /ˈplɑːzəz/

plural of “plaza” — a public square with room for pedestrians

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

PortugalnounUS /ˈpɔːrtʃəɡəl/

a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

proofnounUS /pruːf/

any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

racenounUS /reɪs/

any competition

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

roundnounUS /raʊnd/

a charge of ammunition for a single shot

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

rulesnounUS /ruːlz/

plural of “rule” — a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.

shapedadjectiveUS /ʃeɪpt/

shaped to fit by or as if by altering the contours of a pliable mass (as by work or effort)

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

shapelessadjectiveUS /ˈʃeɪpləs/

having no definite form or distinct shape

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

soundnounUS /saʊnd/

the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

SpainnounUS /speɪn/

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

standverbUS /stænd/

be standing; be upright

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

stone-built

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

strawnounUS /strɔː/

plant fiber used e.g. for making baskets and hats or as fodder

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

streetsnounUS /striːts/

plural of “street” — a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

thickly-napped

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

tinnounUS /tɪn/

a silvery malleable metallic element that resists corrosion; used in many alloys and to coat other metals to prevent corrosion; obtained chiefly from cassiterite where it occurs as tin oxide

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

townsnounUS /taʊnz/

plural of “town” — an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.

traditionnounUS /trəˈdɪʃən/

an inherited pattern of thought or action

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

trainsnounUS /treɪnz/

plural of “train” — public transport provided by a line of railway cars coupled together and drawn by a locomotive

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

transplantedverbUS /trænˈsplæntɪd/

past form of “transplant” — lift and reset in another soil or situation

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading In the old towns on either side of the Minho the exterior life of the two peoples is the same.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

valences

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

water-barrels

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

water-carrier

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The water-carrier in both countries calls out “agua-a-a,” making it sound like Arabic, and long trains of mules bring brushwood for the baker’s furnace (even as in Morocco), or great nets of close-chopped straw for horses’ fodder.

wearingnounUS /ˈwerɪŋ/

(geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it)

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

whetherconjunctionUS /ˈweðər/

used to introduce two or more possibilities

From this reading Donkeys stand at the doors, carrying charcoal in esparto baskets, whether in Portugal or Spain, and goats parade the streets driven by goatherds, wearing shapeless, thickly-napped felt hats and leather overalls.

wine-stores

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

womennounUS /ˈwɪmən/

plural of “woman” — an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading In the stone-built, arcaded plazas women still gather round the fountain and fill their iron-hooped water-barrels through long tin pipes, shaped like the tin valences used in wine-stores.

WorldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading That this should be so in the Old World is natural enough, for the dead hand still rules, and custom and tradition have more strength than race and creed; but that the hatred should have been transplanted to America, and still continue, is a proof that folly never dies.

Chapter 2 of Brought Forward by R. B. (Robert Bontine) Cunninghame Graham holds 465 sentences, grouped into 93 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Brought Forward contain?

Chapter 2 holds 465 sentences of Brought Forward, unabridged, divided into 93 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Brought Forward by R. B. (Robert Bontine) Cunninghame Graham exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 465 sentences, grouped into 93 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Brought Forward?

Work through the 93 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 93 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Brought Forward

Common questions about reading Brought Forward by R. B. (Robert Bontine) Cunninghame Graham on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Brought Forward?

Yes. All 1370 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #47930 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Brought Forward is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #47930, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Brought Forward take to read?

About 114 minutes of reading across 274 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Brought Forward section by section

How to work through Brought Forward section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 3 chapters of Brought Forward to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Brought Forward

Words and structures a reader meets early in Brought Forward, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Ebook
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Brought Forward; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Transcribed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Brought Forward; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bowler
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Brought Forward; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Faith
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Brought Forward; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.