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By England's Aid
By England's Aid

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of By England's Aid is here in full — 188 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/37 · 5 lines
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THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.
The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.
Wednesday was again calm.
The magazines of the English ships were empty.
Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

By England's Aid

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of By England's Aid is here in full — 188 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/37 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.
/ðə raʊt ʌv ðə ɑːrˈmɑːdə ðə faɪt bɪˈtwiːn ðə fliːts hæd bɪˈɡʌn ɑːn ˈsʌndeɪ ˈmɔːrnɪŋ ənd æt ðə end ʌv ðə θɜːrd deɪ ðə streŋkθ ʌv ðə ɑːrˈmɑːdə rɪˈmeɪnd ənˈbroʊkən/
Line 2
The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.
Line 3
Wednesday was again calm.
/ˈwenzdi wɑːz əˈɡen kɑːm/
Line 4
The magazines of the English ships were empty.
/ðə ˈmæɡəziːnz ʌv ðə ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ʃɪps wɜːr ˈempti/
Line 5
Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

ammunition noun US /ˌæmjəˈnɪʃən/

projectiles to be fired from a gun

From this reading “Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.”

armada noun US /ɑːrˈmɑːdə/

a large fleet

From this reading “THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.”

fleets noun US /fliːts/

plural of “fleet” — group of aircraft operating together under the same ownership

From this reading “THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.”

magazines noun US /ˈmæɡəziːnz/

plural of “magazine” — a periodic publication containing pictures and stories and articles of interest to those who purchase it or subscribe to it

From this reading “The magazines of the English ships were empty.”

rout verb US /raʊt/

cause to flee

From this reading “THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.”

Spaniards noun US /ˈspænjərdz/

plural of “spaniard” — a native or inhabitant of Spain

From this reading “The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.”

unbroken adjective US /ənˈbroʊkən/

marked by continuous or uninterrupted extension in space or time or sequence

From this reading “THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.”

Wednesday noun US /ˈwenzdi/

the fourth day of the week; the third working day

From this reading “Wednesday was again calm.”

All words in this reading · 84

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

actionnounUS /ˈækʃən/

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

afternoonnounUS /ˌæftərˈnuːn/

the part of the day between noon and evening

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading Wednesday was again calm.

ammunitionnounUS /ˌæmjəˈnɪʃən/

projectiles to be fired from a gun

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

apartadverbUS /əˈpɑːrt/

separated or at a distance in place or position or time

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

ARMADAnounUS /ɑːrˈmɑːdə/

a large fleet

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

arrivedverbUS /ərˈaɪvd/

past form of “arrive” — reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

begunverbUS /bɪˈɡʌn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

calmverbUS /kɑːm/

make calm or still

From this reading Wednesday was again calm.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

defencenounUS /dɪˈfens/

(psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

effectnounUS /ɪˈfekt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

emptyverbUS /ˈempti/

make void or empty of contents

From this reading The magazines of the English ships were empty.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading The magazines of the English ships were empty.

expressverbUS /ɪkˈspres/

give expression to

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

fightverbUS /faɪt/

be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

fleetsnounUS /fliːts/

plural of “fleet” — group of aircraft operating together under the same ownership

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

gallantadjectiveUS /ˈɡælənt/

unflinching in battle or action

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

galleasses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

lossnounUS /lɔːs/

something that is lost

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

magazinesnounUS /ˈmæɡəziːnz/

plural of “magazine” — a periodic publication containing pictures and stories and articles of interest to those who purchase it or subscribe to it

From this reading The magazines of the English ships were empty.

Marcos

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

milesnounUS /maɪlz/

plural of “mile” — a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

moraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

nonepronounUS /nʌn/

not one, and not any

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

prayingverbUS /ˈpreɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “pray” — address a deity, a prophet, a saint or an object of worship; say a prayer

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

raisedadjectiveUS /reɪzd/

located or moved above the surround or above the normal position

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

remainedverbUS /rɪˈmeɪnd/

past form of “remain” — stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

ROUTverbUS /raʊt/

cause to flee

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

San

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

saveprepositionUS /seɪv/

except for; apart from

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

shipsnounUS /ʃɪps/

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

sixnounUS /sɪks/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

skirmished

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

SpaniardsnounUS /ˈspænjərdz/

plural of “spaniard” — a native or inhabitant of Spain

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

successfuladjectiveUS /səkˈsesfəl/

having succeeded or being marked by a favorable outcome

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

SundaynounUS /ˈsʌndeɪ/

first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

thirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

ThoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

triflenounUS /ˈtraɪfəl/

a cold pudding made of layers of sponge cake spread with fruit or jelly; may be decorated with nuts, cream, or chocolate

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

TuesdaynounUS /ˈtuːzdi/

the third day of the week; the second working day

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

unbrokenadjectiveUS /ənˈbroʊkən/

marked by continuous or uninterrupted extension in space or time or sequence

From this reading THE ROUT OF THE ARMADA The fight between the fleets had begun on Sunday morning, and at the end of the third day the strength of the Armada remained unbroken.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The moral effect had no doubt been great, but the loss of two or three ships was a trifle to so large a force, and the spirit of the Spaniards had been raised by the gallant and successful defence the San Marcos had made on the Tuesday afternoon.

WednesdaynounUS /ˈwenzdi/

the fourth day of the week; the third working day

From this reading Wednesday was again calm.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The magazines of the English ships were empty.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading Though express after express had been sent off praying that ammunition might be sent, none had arrived, and the two fleets lay six miles apart without action, save that the galleasses came out and skirmished for a while with the English ships.

Chapter 8 of By England's Aid by G. A. (George Alfred) Henty holds 188 sentences, grouped into 38 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of By England's Aid contain?

Chapter 8 holds 188 sentences of By England's Aid, unabridged, divided into 38 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of By England's Aid by G. A. (George Alfred) Henty exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 188 sentences, grouped into 38 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of By England's Aid?

Work through the 38 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 38 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading By England's Aid

Common questions about reading By England's Aid by G. A. (George Alfred) Henty on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of By England's Aid?

Yes. All 4840 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6953 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of By England's Aid is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #6953, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does By England's Aid take to read?

About 403 minutes of reading across 968 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read By England's Aid section by section

How to work through By England's Aid section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 22 chapters of By England's Aid to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in By England's Aid

Words and structures a reader meets early in By England's Aid, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Minutes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of By England's Aid; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Master
A word that appears in the opening chapter of By England's Aid; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lirriper
A word that appears in the opening chapter of By England's Aid; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Alongside
A word that appears in the opening chapter of By England's Aid; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.