Chapter XXI · Chapter 21

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

personal knowledge or information about someone or something

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

the quality of having a superior or more favorable position

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

the past participle of “be”

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

past form of “belong” — be owned by; be in the possession of

From this reading Her traders and manufacturers largely belonged to the new religion, and these had carried their industry and knowledge to England and Holland.

financial assistance in time of need

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

past form of “benefit” — derive a benefit from

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

the intolerance and prejudice of a bigot

From this reading Thus the religious bigotry of the kings of Spain and France had resulted in enormous loss to the trade and commerce of those countries, and in corresponding advantage to their Protestant rivals.

plural of “blow” — a powerful stroke with the fist or a weapon

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading Her traders and manufacturers largely belonged to the new religion, and these had carried their industry and knowledge to England and Holland.

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

applying to ordinary citizens as contrasted with the military

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

accompanying

From this reading Thus the religious bigotry of the kings of Spain and France had resulted in enormous loss to the trade and commerce of those countries, and in corresponding advantage to their Protestant rivals.

plural of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Thus the religious bigotry of the kings of Spain and France had resulted in enormous loss to the trade and commerce of those countries, and in corresponding advantage to their Protestant rivals.

a flow of electricity through a conductor

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

past form of “devastate” — cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another)

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

past form of “enable” — render capable or able for some task

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

extraordinarily large in size or extent or amount or power or degree

From this reading Thus the religious bigotry of the kings of Spain and France had resulted in enormous loss to the trade and commerce of those countries, and in corresponding advantage to their Protestant rivals.

extremely

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

large in spatial extent or range or scope or quantity

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

decreasing in amount or degree

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

containing as much or as many as is possible or normal

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

used when the woman or girl doing the action is also its object

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea; half the country lies below sea level

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

to an exceedingly great extent or degree

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading Her traders and manufacturers largely belonged to the new religion, and these had carried their industry and knowledge to England and Holland.

having the capacity for thought and reason especially to a high degree

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

plural of “king” — a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Thus the religious bigotry of the kings of Spain and France had resulted in enormous loss to the trade and commerce of those countries, and in corresponding advantage to their Protestant rivals.

the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning

From this reading Her traders and manufacturers largely belonged to the new religion, and these had carried their industry and knowledge to England and Holland.

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

in large part; mainly or chiefly

From this reading Her traders and manufacturers largely belonged to the new religion, and these had carried their industry and knowledge to England and Holland.

something that is lost

From this reading Thus the religious bigotry of the kings of Spain and France had resulted in enormous loss to the trade and commerce of those countries, and in corresponding advantage to their Protestant rivals.

plural of “manufacturer” — a business engaged in manufacturing some product

From this reading Her traders and manufacturers largely belonged to the new religion, and these had carried their industry and knowledge to England and Holland.

the largest inland sea; between Europe and Africa and Asia

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

plural of “merchant” — a businessperson engaged in retail trade

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

used to form the superlative

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Her traders and manufacturers largely belonged to the new religion, and these had carried their industry and knowledge to England and Holland.

not any; not one

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

owed as a debt

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

a person's partner in marriage

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

the act of persecuting (especially on the basis of race or religion)

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

the people who inhabit a territory or state

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

plural of “port” — a place (seaport or airport) where people and merchandise can enter or leave a country

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

the particular portion of space occupied by something

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

possession of controlling influence

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

an adherent of Protestantism

From this reading Thus the religious bigotry of the kings of Spain and France had resulted in enormous loss to the trade and commerce of those countries, and in corresponding advantage to their Protestant rivals.

plural of “protestant” — an adherent of Protestantism

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

past form of “reap” — gather, as of natural products

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading Her traders and manufacturers largely belonged to the new religion, and these had carried their industry and knowledge to England and Holland.

concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church

From this reading Thus the religious bigotry of the kings of Spain and France had resulted in enormous loss to the trade and commerce of those countries, and in corresponding advantage to their Protestant rivals.

past form of “result” — issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end

From this reading Thus the religious bigotry of the kings of Spain and France had resulted in enormous loss to the trade and commerce of those countries, and in corresponding advantage to their Protestant rivals.

plural of “rival” — the contestant you hope to defeat

From this reading Thus the religious bigotry of the kings of Spain and France had resulted in enormous loss to the trade and commerce of those countries, and in corresponding advantage to their Protestant rivals.

have in common

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

a following of one thing after another in time

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

past form of “suffer” — undergo or be subjected to

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

carry out

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

plural of “ten” — the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Her traders and manufacturers largely belonged to the new religion, and these had carried their industry and knowledge to England and Holland.

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Her traders and manufacturers largely belonged to the new religion, and these had carried their industry and knowledge to England and Holland.

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Thus the religious bigotry of the kings of Spain and France had resulted in enormous loss to the trade and commerce of those countries, and in corresponding advantage to their Protestant rivals.

plural of “thousand” — the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading Thus the religious bigotry of the kings of Spain and France had resulted in enormous loss to the trade and commerce of those countries, and in corresponding advantage to their Protestant rivals.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading OLD FRIENDS The succession of blows that had been given to the power and commerce of Spain had immensely benefited the trade of England and Holland.

someone who purchases and maintains an inventory of goods to be sold

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

plural of “trader” — someone who purchases and maintains an inventory of goods to be sold

From this reading Her traders and manufacturers largely belonged to the new religion, and these had carried their industry and knowledge to England and Holland.

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading France, devastated by civil war, had been in no position to take advantage of the falling off in Spanish commerce, and had indeed herself suffered enormously by the emigration of tens of thousands of the most intelligent of her population owing to her persecution of the Protestants.

in the company of; together with

From this reading Geoffrey Vickars and his partner reaped the full benefit of the change, and the extensive acquaintance of the Spanish trader with merchants in all the Mediterranean ports enabled him to turn a large share of the new current of trade into the hands of Geoffrey and himself.